Hunger and Human Dignity

This research project:

1. Produced rigorous and interdisciplinary research to enhance our understanding of human dignity during crises, paying attention to the role played by courts in governing hunger and human dignity.

Notions of human dignity are part of normative and cosmological frameworks that are remade, contested and naturalised over time. Humanitarians, academics and policymakers have failed to give attention to the way that laws, courts and other legal mechanisms shape these social and cosmological norms even during a crisis, and the role that local courts can have in protecting or undermining human welfare and dignity. Plus, extreme hunger is almost always a result of armed conflicts and political decisions. Yet, families of the hungry are often held responsible. It is unclear how socio-legal norms shape the attributing of accountability and shame for hunger. Our research will draw understandings of these dynamics from ordinary people and from daily experiences of courts in South Sudan.

2. Produced research that sheds light on how people survived the 2017 famines.

In 2017, the UN declared famines in four countries including South Sudan. While this has been well covered in media reporting and high-level policy discussions, there is a vacuum of ethnographic work that helps us understand the lived and everyday experiences of this famine and the way that hunger was governed at this time. While we know that people died, we have a lack of understanding about how people managed to survive, and if and how they were able to preserve human dignity.

3. Supported policy makers and practitioners to respond in South Sudan and beyond.

South Sudan was the first place where famine was declared in 2017 and still, in 2021, South Sudanese are again facing severe, and in some places famine-level, hunger. 1.8 million people are severely food insecure, with as many as 11,000 people at famine-levels now and 31,000 people projected to be at famine-levels of food insecurity from April 2021. Areas of particular concern include clusters of people in Tonj North County (Warrap State), Pibor County (Pibor Administrative Area), Aweil South (Northern Bahr el Ghazal) and Akobo County (Jonglei State). A focus on influencing humanitarian policy and practice is embedded in this project from the outset, and outputs will include policy briefings and memos to ensure the timely dissemination of information.

4. Promoted collaborative scholarship.

A significant aim of this project is to ensure that outputs are collaboratively authored, and that all researchers participate in the design, implementation and analysis of the project outcomes. This will not only help the quality of the analysis and outcomes but will also build on ongoing support through the  and , through the  project, to support to early career South Sudanese scholars.

• Report: Chiefs’ Courts, Hunger and Improving Humanitarian Programming in South Sudan. 2021. Naomi R. Pendle, Chris Newton, Bol Mawien, Chirrilo Madut & Elizabeth Gray.

A central part of the project was a series of collaborative ethnographies across four sites in South Sudan, including Warrap State, Unity State and Jonglei State. These ethnographic observations took place during the hungriest months of the year in 2021 and 2022. Drawing on established methods in legal anthropology, court cases were observed and the parties of the cases, as well as the chiefs, interviewed about the cases.

The research also included archival research and the collection of oral histories to explore how law has been used to govern hunger and dignity since the Anglo-Egyptian Condominium government in the early 20th century. The research focused on authorities’ anxieties as well as powers. The South Sudan National Archive includes various files relating to famine and piles of untranslated, uncatalogued court books in Dinka from the 1950s that include cases related to hunger. We will access and translate relevant files.

The research team had access to the data from four of the nationwide surveys conducted by the World Food Programme that included questions about courts and hunger. Data analysts will interrogate these sources.

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  The Bridge Network is a non-governmental research based organisation founded and run by young South Sudanese early career researchers, comprising different ethnic and social backgrounds from South Sudan's three regions.

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  The research project is funded by the British Academy as part of its research for the Global Challenges Research Fund. However, the views expressed and information contained in it is not necessarily those of or endorsed by the British Academy.