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Professor Jim Macnamara

Professor Jim Macnamara

Visiting Professor

Department of Media and Communications

Email
J.Macnamara@lse.ac.uk
Connect with me

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Languages
English
Key Expertise
Measurement, Evaluation, Organisational listening, public communication

About me

Jim Macnamara, PhD is an internationally recognised authority on evaluation of public communication and a pioneer in studying organisational listening within government, corporations, and non-government organisations and institutions. Before taking up an academic position, he was the founder and CEO of a leading computer-aided research company specialising in evaluating media campaigns. Recently, his research has included leading evaluation of the World Health Organization’s COVID-19 and Global Health Days communication globally. He also has advised the UK Government Communication Service (GCS), the European Commission Directorate-General for Communication (DG COMM), and the New South Wales Government in Australia on evaluation of public communication. In 2015, he launched The Organisational Listening Project, a seven-year study of how and how well organisation’s listen to their stakeholders and constituents. His extensive research has resulted in 16 books and more than 100 book chapters, academic journal articles, and academic conference papers. His recent books include Organizational Listening: The Missing Essential in Public Communication (Peter Lang, New York, 2016, 2nd edition forthcoming 2023) and Evaluating Public Communication (Routledge, 2018).

Jim is the recipient of numerous awards including The Don Bartholomew Award in 2017 for “outstanding service to the communications industry” presented by the International Association for Measurement and Evaluation of Communication (AMEC) in London and The Pathfinder Award, “the highest academic honour” awarded by the Institute for Public Relations (IPR) in the USA for scholarly research.

He is a Distinguished Professor in the School of Communication at the University of Technology Sydney (UTS) and has been a Visiting Professor at the London School of Economics and Political Science, Media and Communications Department since 2016.

Expertise Details

Measurement; Evaluation; Organisational listening; public communication

Publications

Academic books / monographs

  • Macnamara, J. (2020). Beyond post-communication: Challenging disinformation, deception, and manipulation. Peter Lang. Post-communication/macnamara
  • Macnamara, J. (2018). Evaluating Public Communication: Exploring new models, standards, and best practice. Routledge. www.routledge.com/9781138228580
  • Macnamara, J. (2016). Organizational listening: The missing essential in public communication. Peter Lang. http://bit.ly/OrganizationalListening
  • Macnamara, J. (2014) Journalism and PR: Unpacking ‘spin’, stereotypes and media myths. Peter Lang. http://bit.ly/Journalism-PR
  • Macnamara, J. (2014). The 21st century media (r)evolution: Emergent communication practices (2nd ed.). Peter Lang. http://bit.ly/21CenturyMediaRevolution
  • Macnamara, J. (2012). Public relations theories, practices, critiques, Pearson.
  • Macnamara, J. (2010). The 21st century media (r)evolution: Emergent communication practices. Peter Lang.
  • Macnamara, J. (2006). Media and male identity: The making and remaking of men. Palgrave Macmillan. https://link.springer.com/book/10.1057/9780230625679

Book chapters

  • Macnamara, J. (2022). Corporate listening. In K. Podnar (Ed.), Encyclopedia of corporate communication (in print). Edward Elgar.
  • Macnamara, J. (2022). Digital corporate communication and organizational listening. In V. Luoma-aho & M. Badham (Eds.), Handbook of digital corporate communication (in print). Edward Elgar.
  • Macnamara, J. (2022). Persuasion, promotion, spin, propaganda. In J. Falkheimer & M. Heide (Eds.), Research handbook of strategic communication. Edward Elgar.
  • Macnamara, J. (2022). Organizational listening and the non-profit sector. In G. Gonçalves & E. Oliveira (Eds.), Routledge handbook of non-profit communication. Routledge.
  • Macnamara,J. (2022). Measurement, evaluation + learning (MEL): New approaches for insights, outcomes, impact. In D. Pompper, K. Weaver, & K. Place (Eds.), The Routledge companion to public Relations (Chapter 17). Routledge.
  • Macnamara, J. (2021). Public relations evaluation. In C. Valenti (Ed.), Public relations (pp. 249–273). Handbooks of Communication Science, 27. de Gruyter Mouton. 
  • Macnamara, J. (2021). Measurement and evaluation for effectiveness and impact. In R. Tench & S. Waddington (Eds.), Exploring public relations and management Communication (5th ed., pp. 211–232). Pearson.
  • Macnamara, J. (2020. Creating healthy democracy: Voice + listening for meaningful engagement. In D. Worthington & G. Bodie (Eds.), Handbook of listening (pp. 385–395). John Wiley & Sons.
  • Macnamara, J. (2020). Public sector communication: Measurement and evaluation. In V. Luoma-aho & M. Canel (Eds.), Handbook of public sector communication (pp. 361–365). John Wiley & Sons.
  • Macnamara, J. (2020). New developments in best practice evaluation: Approaches, frameworks, models, and methods. In V. Luoma-aho & M. Canel (Eds.), Handbook of public sector communication (pp. 435–454). John Wiley & Sons.
  • Macnamara, J. (2020). Journalism, public relations, and spin. In K. Wahl-Jorgensen & T. Hanitzsch (Eds.), Handbook of journalism studies (2nd ed., pp. 341–355). Routledge. 
  • Macnamara, J. & Gregory, A. (2020). Expanding evaluation to enable true strategic communication: Beyond message tracking to open listening. In H. Nothhaft, K. Page Werder, D. Verčič, & A. Zerfass (Eds.), Future directions in strategic communication (pp. 141–158).Routledge.
  • Macnamara, J. (2018). Content analysis. In P. Napoli (Ed.), Mediated communication (pp. 191–211). De Gruyter Mouton. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110481129-012
  • Macnamara, J. (2018). Impact assessment. In R. Heath & W. Johansen (Eds.), The international Encyclopedia of strategic communication, (pp. 1–9). International Communication Association (ICA) and Wiley-Blackwell.
  • Macnamara, J. (2018). The missing half of communication and engagement: Listening’, in K. Johnston & M. Taylor (Eds.), Handbook of communication and engagement (pp. 115–132). John Wiley & Sons. (Winner of the 2018 National Communication Association PRIDE Award for Innovation, Development, and Educational Achievement)
  • Macnamara, J. & Kenning, G. (2017). ‘Stoner Sloth’: Lessons from evaluation of social media and virality. In J. Valin & J. VanSlyke (Eds.),Public relations case studies from around the world (pp. 147–165).  Peter Lang.
  • Macnamara, J. (2017). Best practice measurement is about listening, learning, and adapting – not just changing others. In E. Juholin & V. Luoma-aho (Eds.), Measureable communication [Mitattava Viestintä] (pp. 36–42). ProComma Academic, ProCom.
  • Macnamara, J. (2017). Digital and social media communication. In R. Tench & L. Yeomans (Eds.), Exploring public relations: Global strategic communication (4th ed., pp. 35–59). Pearson Education.
  • Macnamara, J. (2016). Socially integrating PR and operationalising an alternative approach. (n J. L’Etang, D. McKie, N. Snow, & J. Xifra (Eds.), The Routledge handbook of critical public relations (pp. 335–348). Routledge.
  • Macnamara, J. & Crawford, R. (2014). Public relations. In B. Griffin-Foley (Ed.), A companion to the Australian media (pp. 374 –377). Australian Scholarly Publishing.
  • Crawford, R. & Macnamara, J. (2014). An agent of change: Public relations in early twentieth-century Australia. In B. Saint-John, M. Lamme & J. L’Etang (Eds.), Pathways to public relations: Histories of practice and profession (pp. 273–289.). Routledge.
  • Macnamara, J. (2010). PR metrics: Bagaimana mengukur kinerja PR dan corporate communication. In S. Wasesa (Ed.), Strategi public relations (pp. 257–310). Kompas Gramedia.
  • Broom, G. & Macnamara, J. (2009). Evaluation. In G. Broom, Cutlip & Center’s effective public relations (10th ed., pp. 349–76). Pearson Prentice Hall.
  • Macnamara, J. (2008). Research and evaluation. In C. Tymson, P. Lazar & R. Lazar (Eds.), The new Australian & New Zealand public relations manual (5th ed. pp. 118–153). Tymson Communications. (Original work published 2002)

 Academic Journal Articles

  • Macnamara, J. (2022). Speaking (and listening) to empower voices rarely heard. Asia Pacific Public Relations Journal, 24, 1–20. https://www.pria.com.au/pria-newsroom/asia-pacific-public-relations-journal/apprj-volumes/volume-24
  • Macnamara, J. (2021). Communication practice trends in Asia-Pacific: Focus on new technologies, but concerns about trust and ethics. Communication & Media in Asia Pacific, 4(2), 1–13. http://doi.org/10.14456/cmap.2021.6. Article at https://so01.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/CMAP/article/view/250213
  • Macnamara, J. (2021). A ‘macro’ view of strategic communication management: Beyond siloes, paradigms, and pandemics. ESSACHESS: Journal for Communication Studies, 14(1), Article 27, 65–91. https://www.essachess.com/index.php/jcs/article/view/512
  • Macnamara, J.(2021). Challenging post-communication: Beyond focus on a ‘few bad apples’ to multi-level public communication reform. Communication Research and Practice, 7(1), 33–55.  https://doi.org/10.1080/22041451.2021.1876404
  • Macnamara, J. (2021). New insights into crisis communication from an inside ‘emic’ perspective during COVID-19’, Public Relations Inquiry, 10(2), 237–262. https://doi.org.10.1177/2046147X21999972
  • Macnamara, J.(2020). Corporate listening: Unlocking insights from VOC, VOE, and VOS for mutual benefit. Corporate Communications: An International Journal, 25(3), 377–93. https://doi.org/10.1108/CCIJ-08-2019-0102
  • Macnamara, J. (2020). Embracing evaluation theory to overcome “stasis”: Informing standards, impact and methodology. Corporate Communications: An International Journal, 25(2), 339–354. https://doi.org/10.1108/CCIJ-04-2019-0044
  • Macnamara, J. (2020). 360-degree deliberative interviewing and ethnography to increase validity and insights. Communication & Media in Asia Pacific, 3(2), 1–16. https://so01.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/CMAP/article/view/206128
  • Macnamara, J. (2019). Explicating listening in organization-public communication: Theory, practices, technologies. International Journal of Communication, 13, 5183–5204. https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/11996/2839
  • Gregory, A. & Macnamara, J. (2019). An evaluation U-turn: From narrow organisational objectives to broad accountability. Public Relations Review, 45(5). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2019.101838
  • Buhmann, A., Macnamara, J., & Zerfass, A. (2019). Reviewing the “march to standards” in public relations: A comparative analysis of four seminal measurement and evaluation initiatives. Public Relations Review, 45(4). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2019.101825
  • Macnamara, J., & Gregory, A. (2018). Expanding evaluation to enable true strategic communication: Beyond message tracking to open listening. International Journal of Strategic Communication, 12(4), 469–486. https://doi.org/10.1080/1553118X.2018.1450255
  • Macnamara, J., Zerfass, A., Adi, A., & Lwin, M. (2018). Capabilities of PR professionals for key activities lag: Asia-Pacific study shows theory and practice gaps. Public Relations Review, 44(5), 704–716. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2018.10.010
  • Macnamara, J., Zerfass, A., Lwin, M., & Adi, A. (2018). PR and communication management in Asia-Pacific: Trends, growth and gaps. Communication & Media in Asia Pacific, 1(1). 1–16. https://www.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/CMAP
  • Macnamara, J. (2018). A review of new evaluation models for strategic communication: Progress and gaps. International Journal of Strategic Communication, 12(2), 180–195. https://doi.org/10.1080/1553118X.2018.1428978
  • Macnamara, J. (2018).Competence, competencies and/or capabilities for public communication? A public sector study. Asia Pacific Public Relations Journal, 19, 16–40. https://novaojs.newcastle.edu.au/apprj/index.php/apprj/article/view/113
  • Macnamara, J. (2018). Public relations and post-communication:Addressing a paradox in public communication. Public Relations Journal, 11(3), 1–21. https://prjournal.instituteforpr.org/past-issues
  • Macnamara, J. (2018). Towards a theory and practice of organizational listening. International Journal of Listening, 32(1), 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10904018.2017.1375076
  • Hou, J., & Macnamara, J. (2017). Beyond a “spectator sport”: Social media for university engagement and community building. Asia Pacific Public Relations Journal, 18, 102–119.
  • Macnamara, J., & Likely, F. (2017). Revisiting the disciplinary home of evaluation: New perspectives to inform PR evaluation standards. Research Journal of the Institute for Public Relations, 3(2), 1–21. https://prjournal.instituteforpr.org/pr-journal-2017-present
  • Macnamara, J., & Zerfass, A. (2017). Evaluation stasis continues in PR and corporate communication: Asia Pacific insights into causes. Communication Research & Practice, 3(4), 319–334. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/22041451.2017.1275258
  • Macnamara, J., & Camit, M. (2017). Effective CALD community health communication through research and collaboration: An exemplar case study. Communication Research & Practice, 3(1), 92–112. https://doi.org/10.1080/22041451.2016.1209277
  • Macnamara, J. (2016). Organizational listening: Addressing a major gap in public relations theory and practice. Journal of Public Relations Research, 28(3–4), 146–169. https://doi.org/10.1080/1062726X.2016.1228064
  • Macnamara, J. (2016). Illuminating and addressing two black holes in public communication. PRism, 13(1), 1–15. http://www.prismjournal.org/index.php?id=strategic_digi
  • Macnamara, J. (2016). The work and “architecture of listening”: Addressing gaps in organization-public communication. International Journal of Strategic Communication, 10(2), 133–148. https://doi.org/10.1080/1553118X.2016.1147043
  • Macnamara, J., Lwin, M., Adi, A., & Zerfass, A.  (2016). ‘PESO’ media strategy shifts to ‘SOEP’: Opportunities and ethical dilemmas. Public Relations Review, 42(3), 377–385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2016.03.001
  • Macnamara, J. (2016). Multiple intelligences and minds as attributes to reconfigure PR. Public Relations Review, 42(2), 249–257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2015.03.002
  • Macnamara, J. (2016). The continuing convergence of journalism and PR: New insights for ethical practice from a three-country study of senior practitioners. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 93(1), 118–141. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077699015605803
  • Macnamara, J. (2015). Breaking the measurement and evaluation deadlock: A new approach and model. Journal of Communication Management, 19(4), 371–387. https://doi.org/10.1108/JCOM-04-2014-0020
  • Macnamara, J. (2015). The Hazelwood coal mine fire: Lessons from crisis miscommunication and misunderstanding. Case Studies in Strategic Communication, 4, 1–20. http://cssc.uscannenberg.org/cases/v4 
  • Macnamara, J. (2015).The work and ‘architecture of listening’: Requisites for ethical organization-public communication. Ethical Space: Journal of the Institute of Communication Ethics, 12(2), 29–37. http://journals.communicationethics.net
  • Macnamara, J. (2014). Journalism-PR relations revisited: The good news, the bad news, and insights into tomorrow’s news. Public Relations Review, 40(5), 739–750, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2014.07.002
  • Macnamara, J. (2014). Organisational listening: A vital missing element in public communication and the public sphere’, Asia Pacific Public Relations Journal, 15(1), 90–108. https://novaojs.newcastle.edu.au/apprj/index.php/apprj/article/view/45
  • Macnamara, J., & Watson, T. (2014). The rise and fall of IPRA in Australia: 1959 to 2000. Asia Pacific Public Relations Journal, 15(1), 23–36. https://www.pria.com.au/journal/categories?id=60
  • Macnamara, J., & Kenning, G. (2014). E-electioneering 2007–2014: Trends in online political communication over three elections. Media International Australia, 152, 57–74.
  • Macnamara, J. (2014). The ‘toe bone to the head bone’ logic model to connect PR and corporate communication to organisation outcomes. PRism, 11(1), 1–15. http://www.prismjournal.org/homepage.html
  • Macnamara, J. (2014). Emerging international standards for measurement and evaluation of public relations: A critical analysis. Public Relations Inquiry, 3(1), 7–28. https://doi.org/10.1177/2046147X14521199
  • Johnston, J., & Macnamara, J. (2013). Public relations literature and scholarship in Australia: A brief history of change and diversification. PRism, 10(1), 1–16. http://www.prismjournal.org/vol10.html  
  • Macnamara, J. (2013). Beyond voice: Audience-making and the work and architecture of listening. Continuum: Journal of Media and Cultural Studies, 27(1), 60–75. https://doi.org/10.1080/10304312.2013.736950
  • Macnamara, J., & Crawford, R. (2013). Australia Day: A study of PR as cultural intermediaries.Continuum: Journal of Media and Cultural Studies, 27(2), 294–310. https://doi.org/10.1080/10304312.2013.766311
  • Macnamara, J. (2012). Democracy 2.0: Can social media engage youth and disengaged citizens in the public sphere. Australian Journal of Communication, 39(3), 65–86.
  • Macnamara, J., Sakinofsky, P., & Beattie, J. (2012). E-electoral engagement: How governments are using social media to try to engage/re-engage voters. Australian Journal of Political Science, 47(4),  623–639. https://doi.org/10.1080/10361146.2012.731491
  • Macnamara, J., & Zerfass, A. (2012). Social media communication in organisations: The challenges of balancing openness, strategy and management. International Journal of Strategic Communication, 6(4), 287–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1553118X.2012.711402
  • Macnamara, J. (2012). The global shadow of functionalism and Excellence theory: An analysis of Australasian PR’, Public Relations Inquiry, 1(3), 367–402. https://doi.org/10.1177/2046147X12448581
  • Macnamara, J. (2012). Corporate and organisational diplomacy: An alternative paradigm to PR. Journal of Communication Management, 16(3), 312–235. https://doi.org/10.1108/13632541211245794
  • Macnamara, J. (2012). Journalism and public relations: Unpacking myths and stereotypes. Australian Journalism Review, 34(1), 33–50.
  • Crawford, R., & Macnamara, J. (2012). Massaging the media: Australia Day and public relations. Media International Australia, 144(1), 27–36. https://doi.org/10.1177/1329878X1214400106
  • Crawford, R., & Macnamara, J. (2012). An 'outside-in’ PR history: Identifying the role of PR in history, culture and sociology’, Public Communication Review, 2(1), 45–59. http://epress.lib.uts.edu.au/journals/index.php/pcr/article/view/2521/2826
  • Macnamara, J. (2011). Pre and post-election 2010 online: What happened to the conversation? Communication, Politics, Culture, 44(2), 18–36. http://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=627292905802447;res=IELHSS 
  • Macnamara, J., & Kenning, G. (2011). E-electioneering 2010: Trends in social media use in Australian political communication. Media International Australia, 139(1), 7–22. https://doi.org/10.1177/1329878X1113900104
  • Macnamara, J. (2011). Social media governance: Gaps, risks and opportunities in PR and reputation management. Asia Pacific Public Relations Journal, 12(2), 41–60. http://www.pria.com.au/journal/categories?id=50
  • Macnamara, J. (2010). Remodelling media: The urgent search for new media business models. Media International Australia, 137(1), 20–35. https://doi.org/10.1177/1329878X1013700104
  • Macnamara, J. (2010). The quadrivium of online public consultation: Policy, culture, resources, technology. Australian Journal of Political Science, 45(2), 227–244. https://doi.org/10.1080/10361141003736141
  • Macnamara, J., & Crawford, R. (2010). Reconceptualising public relations in Australia: A historical and social re-analysis. Asia Pacific Public Relations Journal, 11(2), 17–34. https://opus.lib.uts.edu.au/bitstream/10453/15860/1/2009008281.pdf
  • Macnamara, J. (2010). Public relations and the social: How practitioners are using, or abusing, social media. Asia Pacific Public Relations Journal, 11, 21–39. https://opus.lib.uts.edu.au/handle/10453/13968
  • Macnamara, J. (2010). Public communication practices in the Web 2.0–3.0 mediascape: The case for PRevolution. PRism Online PR Journal, 7(3). https://www.prismjournal.org/v7-no3.html
  • Macnamara, J. (2010). Emergent media and public communication: Understanding the changing mediascape. Public Communication Review, 1(2), 3–18, University of Technology Sydney. http://epress.lib.uts.edu.au/ojs/index.php/pcr/index
  • Macnamara, J. (2009). Public relations in the interactive age: New practices, not just new media. Asia Pacific Public Relations Journal, 10, 1–18. https://www.pria.com.au/pria-newsroom/asia-pacific-public-relations-journal/apprj-volumes/volume-10
  • Macnamara, J. (2008). Internet media and the public sphere: The 2007 Australian e-electioneering experience’, Media International Australia, 129(1), 7–19. https://doi.org/10.1177/1329878X0812900103
  • Macnamara, J. (2005). Media content analysis: its uses, benefits and best practice methodology. Asia Pacific Public Relations Journal, 6(1), 1–34.
  • Macnamara, J. (2006). Two-tier evaluation can help corporate communicators gain management support. PRism Online PR Journal, 4(2). http://www.prismjournal.org/evaluation.html
  • Macnamara, J. (2004). Research for multi-cultural and cross-cultural communication. Journal of Communication Management, 8(3), 322–334. https://doi.org/10.1108/13632540410807727
  • Macnamara, J. (2000). The ad value of PR. Asia Pacific Public Relations Journal, 2(1), 90–103.
  • Macnamara, J. (1999). Research in public relations: A review of the use of evaluation and formative research. Asia Pacific Public Relations Journal, 1(2), 107–133.

Academic Conference Papers

  • Macnamara,J. (2021, December). Speaking (and listening) to empower voices rarely heard. Paper presented to the Public Relations Institute of Australia (PRIA) Research Symposium, Sydney.
  • Macnamara,  J. (2021, June). A ‘macro’ view of strategic communication management: Beyond siloes, paradigms, and pandemics. Paper presented to the BledCom conference, Lake Bled, Slovenia.
  • Macnamara, J.(2017, July). Falling on deaf ears: The lack of listening that denies access and makes voice valueless. In G. Goggin, F. Martin, & J. Hutchinson (Eds.), Proceedings of the Australian and New Zealand Communication Association Conference (ANZCA). https://www.anzca.net/conferences/past-conferences/2017-conf/p2.html
  • Macnamara, J. (2014, July). Being social: Missing pre-requisites for online engagement, exchange and inclusion. In D. Bossio (Ed.), Proceedings of the Australian and New Zealand Communication Association Conference (ANZCA). http://www.anzca.net/conferences/past-conferences/2014-conf/p2.html
  • Macnamara, J., & Dessaix, A. (2014). The ethics of ‘embedded’ media content: Product placement and ‘advertorial’ on steroids. In D. Bossio (Ed.), Proceedings of the Australian and New Zealand Communication Association Conference (ANZCA). http://www.anzca.net/conferences/past-conferences/2014-conf/p2.html
  • Macnamara, J. & Watson, T. (2014, July). The rise and fall of IPRA in Australia: 1959 to 2000. Paper presented at the International History of Public Relations Conference, Bournemouth University, UK. http://microsites.bournemouth.ac.uk/historyofpr/proceedings
  • Macnamara, J. & Zerfass, A. (2012, May). Social media communication in organisations: The challenges of balancing openness, strategy and management. Paper presented to the 62nd Annual International Communication Association conference, Phoenix, AZ.
  • Macnamara, J. (2011, October). Social media governance: Gaps, risks and opportunities in PR and reputation management. Paper presented at the Public Relations Institute of Australia Academic Forum, Sydney.
  • Macnamara, J. (2010, July). Four gaps in public relations scholarship and practice: The need for new approaches. In K. McCallum (Ed.), Media Democracy and Change: Refereed Proceedings of the Australian and New Zealand Communication Association Annual Conference, Canberra (ISBN 987-1-74088-319-1). http://www.anzca.net/conferences/anzca10proceedings.html
  • Macnamara, J., & Crawford, R. (2010, October). Reconceptualising public relations in Australia: A historical and social re-analysis. Paper presented at the Public Relations Institute of Australia National Conference Academic Forum, Darwin.
  • Macnamara, J. (2009, July). Australian federal government online public consultation trials: Local learnings in e-democracy. In T. Flew (ed.), Communication, creativity and global citizenship: Proceedings of the Australian and New Zealand Communication Association Annual Conference. http://www.anzca.net/conferences/anzca09proceedings.html
  • Macnamara, J. (2009, October). Public relations in the interactive age: New practices, not just new media. Paper presented at the Public Relations Institute of Australia National Conference Academic Forum, Brisbane.
  • Macnamara, J. (2008, July). E-Electioneering: Use of new media in the 2007 Australian federal election. In E. Tilley (Ed.), Power and Place: ANZCA 2008: Proceedings of the Australian and New Zealand Communication Association Conference 2008. http://www.anzca.net/conferences/anzca08proceedings.html

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