Population in the Administrative City (millions)
London: GLA Intelligence, ‘GLA 2015 round trend-based population projections’, (2016) <https://files.datapress.com/london/dataset/2015-round-population-projections/2016-07-19T13:06:46/2015%20trend%20projection%20results.pdf>;
Berlin: Senatsverwaltung für Stadtentwicklung und Umwelt, Ref. I A: Stadtentwicklungsplanung in Zusammenarbeit mit dem Amt für Statistik Berlin-Brandenburg, ‘Bevölkerungsprognose für Berlin und die Bezirke 2015–2030’, (January 2016), <https://www.statistik-berlin-brandenburg.de/produkte/kleinestatistik/AP_kleinestatistik_en_2014_be.pdf>; Istanbul: Turkish Statistical Institute, ‘Population of Provinces by Years’, (2013), <http://www.turkstat.gov.tr/PreIstatistikTablo.do?istab_id=1633>;
New York: U.S. Census Bureau, ‘Population Estimates’, (2015), <http://www1.nyc.gov/site/planning/data-maps/nyc-population/current-future-populations.page>; Mexico City: National Institute of Geography and Statistics (INEGI), ‘Decennial Census’, (2010), <http://www3.inegi.org.mx/sistemas/mexicocifras/default.aspx?e=15>;
Rio de Janeiro: Brazilian Institute for Geography and Statistics (IGBE), ‘Population Estimates’, (2014), <http://saladeimprensa.ibge.gov.br/en/noticias?view=noticia&id=1&idnoticia=2704&busca=1&t=ibge-releases-population-estimates-of-municipalities-in-2014>; São Paulo: Brazilian Institute for Geography and Statistics (IGBE), ‘Population Estimates’, (2014), <http://saladeimprensa.ibge.gov.br/en/noticias?view=noticia&id=1&idnoticia=2704&busca=1&t=ibge-releases-population-estimates-of-municipalities-in-2014>;
Johannesburg: Statistics South Africa, ‘Decennial Census’, (2011), <http://www.statssa.gov.za/?page_id=1021&id=city- of-johannesburg-municipality>;
Addis Ababa: Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia, ‘Population Projection of Ethiopia for all Regions 2014–2017’, (2013), <http://www.csa.gov.et/images/general/news/pop_pro_wer_2014-2017_final>;
Mumbai: Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India, ‘Decennial Census’, (2011), <http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/365-mumbai.html>; Delhi: Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India, ‘Decennial Census’, (2011), <http://www.census2011.co.in/census/metropolitan/50-delhi.html>;
Hong Kong: Hong Kong Census and Statistics Department, ‘Hong Kong Annual Digest of Statistics’, (2016), <http://www.censtatd. gov.hk/hkstat/sub/sp140.jsp?product-Code=B1010003>; Shanghai: National Bureau of Statistics of China, ‘China Statistical Yearbook 2014’, (2014), <http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2014/zk/html/Z0210E.xls>;
Current Population in the Urban Agglomeration (millions)
London and Berlin: Eurostat, ‘Urban Audit’, (2014) <http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do>,
All Other Cities: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, World Urbanisation Prospects: 2014 Revision (New York, 2014), <https://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/CD-ROM/WUP2014_XLS_CD_FILES/WUP2014-F22-Cities_Over_300K_Annual.xls>;
Average AnnualPopulation Growth of Urban Agglomeration 2015–30(%)
LSE Cities calculations based on: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, World Urbanisation Prospects: 2014 Revision (New York, 2014) <https://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/CD-ROM/WUP2014_XLS_CD_FILES/WUP2014-F14-Growth_Rate_Cities.xls>;
Average Annual National Population Growth 2015–30 (%)
LSE Cities calculations based on: United Nations, World Urbanisation Prospects (New York, 2014);
Administrative City Area (km2)
LSE Cities GIS analysis using 100 x 100 km2 squares centred in city centre: ©Urban Age / LSE Cities, analysis courtesy of European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC) <http://data.europa.eu/89h/jrc-ghsl-ghs_pop_gpw4_globe_r2015a> and DIVA-GIS, <http://www.diva-gis.org/Data>;
Average Density within Administrative City (pp/km2)
©Urban Age / LSE Cities, analysis courtesy of DIVA-GIS, <http://www.diva-gis.org/Data>;
GDP per capita in Urban Area (US$, PPP)
All cities excl. Addis Ababa: Brookings Institution, ‘The Global Metro Monitor’, (2014), <http://www.brookings.edu/research/reports2/2015/01/22-global-metro-monitor>;
Addis Ababa: WeGO sourcing IMF 2013, (2013), <http://www.we-gov.org/Members_at_a_Glance/3850>;
Percentage of Country’s GDP Produced by the Metro Region
All cities excl. Addis Ababa: Brookings Institution, ‘The Global Metro Monitor’, (2014), <http://www.brookings.edu/research/reports2/2015/01/22-global-metro-monitor>;
Addis Ababa: Lloyd’s City Risk Index matched with World Data Bank, ‘World Development Indicators’;
Voter Turnout in the Last Local Elections (%)
London: UK Electoral Commission, ‘Report on the Administration of the 22 May 2014 Elections’ (2014) <http://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0010/169867/EP-and-local-elections-report-May-2014.pdf>;
Berlin: Statistical Office for Berlin-Brandenburg, ‘Statistical Yearbook’, (2013), <https://www.statistik-berlin-brandenburg.de/produkte/kleinestatistik/AP_kleinestatistik_en_2014_be.pdf>;
Istanbul: Turkish Statistical Institute and J. Parkinson and E. Peker, ‘Turks Cast Vote in Presidential Election with Erdogan Poised to Win’, Wall Street Journal (11 August 2014) <http://online. wsj.com/articles/turks-cast-votes-in-presidential-election-with-erdogan-primed-for-win-1407658125>;
New York: S. Roberts, ‘New York: Voter Turnout Appears to Be Record Low’, New York Times (6 November 2013), <http://www.nytimes.com/news/election-2013/2013/11/06/new-york-turnout-appears-headed-for-record-low/?_php=true&_type=blogs&_r=0>;
Mexico City: Federal Election Institute (INE), ‘2012 Election Results by District’, (2012), <http://computos2012.ife.org.mx/reportes/presidente/distritalPresidenteDistrito%5b9%5d.html>;
Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo: Wilson Institute: Brazil Center, ‘Brazil’s 2012 Municipal Elections’, (2012), <https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/Fleischer%20Munc%20Elections%202012%20WW%20Center.pdf>;
Johannesburg: Electoral Commission of South Africa, ‘Municipal Election Results’, (2011), <http://www.elections.org.za/content/Elections/Municipal-elections-results/>;
Addis Ababa: LSE Cities own data, (2013);
Mumbai: NDTV Correspondent, ‘Counting of Votes for Maharashtra Civic Polls Today’, NDTV India (17 February 2012) <http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/counting-of-votesfor-maharashtra-civic-polls-today-569212>;
Delhi: ‘Delhi Elections 2015: Record 67.08% voting, exit polls predict AAP win’, Economic Times (8 February 2015), <http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-02-07/news/58902716_1_delhi-electionsaap-cent-turnout>;
Hong Kong: Hong Kong Government Registration and Electoral Office, ‘2012 Legislative Council Elections’, (2012), <http://www.elections.gov.hk/legco2012/eng/turnout.html>;
Percentage of Daily Trips made by Public Transport and Percentage of Daily Trips made by Walking and Cycling
London: Transport for London, ‘London Travel Demand Survey’, (2014), <https://tfl.gov.uk/corporate/publications-and-reports/london-travel-demand-survey>;
Berlin: Berlin Senate Department forUrban Development and Environment, ‘Mobility in Cities’, (2013), <http://www.stadtentwicklung.berlin.de/verkehr/politik_planung/zahlen_fakten/mobilitaet/index.shtml>;
Istanbul: Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality, ‘Transportation Master Plan’, (2011), <http://www.ibb.gov.tr/tr-TR/kurumsal/Birimler/ulasimPlanlama/Documents/%C4%B0UAP_Ana_Raporu.pdf>;
New York: U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, ‘Commuting Characteristics by Sex (1 year estimates of ACS)’, (2014), <http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_14_1YR_S0801&prodType=table>;
Mexico City: P. Jirón, ‘Sustainable Urban Mobility in Latin America and the Caribbean’, thematic study prepared for the Global Report on Human Settlements 2013, (2013), <http://unhabitat.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/GRHS.2013.Regional.Latin_.America.and_.Caribbean.pdf>;
Rio de Janeiro: Government of Rio de Janeiro, ‘Transportation Plan for the Metropolitan Region of Rio de Janeiro’, (2012), <http://www.seaerj.org.br/pdf/PDTUSEAERJ.pdf>;
São Paulo: Government of the State of São Paulo, ‘Mobility Report for the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo’, (2012), <http://web.archive.org/web/20140328124317/http://www.metro.sp.gov.br/pdf/mobilidade/pesquisa-mobilidade-2012.pdf>;
Johannesburg: City of Johannesburg, ‘Household Travel Survey’, (2013); Addis Ababa: M.A. Bekele, ‘Addis Ababa’s Challenges: Integration of Urban Mass Transit Network and Urban Development’, (Codatu, 2012) <http://www.codatu.org/wp-content/uploads/Mathewos-Codatu-Presentation.-Final.pdf>;
Mumbai and Dehli: National Transport Development Policy Committee, ‘India Transport Report’, (2013), <http://planningcommission.nic.in/sectors/NTDPC/voulme3_p2/urban_v3_p2.pdf>;
Hong Kong: Hong Kong Census and Statistics Department, ‘Working Population with Fixed Place of Work in Hong Kong by Main Mode of Transport to Place of Work: Decennial Census’, (2011), <http://www.census2011.gov.hk/en/main-table/C109.html>;
Shanghai: Shanghai City Comprehensive Transportation Planning Institute, ‘The Fifth Travel Survey of Residents in Shanghai’, (2009), <http://www.chinautc.com/upload/accessorychinautc/pdf/20131291481947534.pdf>;
Car Ownership Rate (per 1,000 inhabitants)
London: Department for Transport, ‘Licensed Vehicles – Type, Borough’, (2014), <http://data.london.gov.uk/dataset/licensed-vehicles-type-0>;
Berlin: Statistical Office for Berlin-Brandenburg, ‘Statistical Yearbook’, (2013), <https://www.statistik-berlin-brandenburg.de/produkte/kleinestatistik/AP_kleinestatistik_en_2014_be.pdf>;
Istanbul: Turkish Statistical Institute, ‘Road Motor Vehicles Statistics’, (2012), <http://www.turkstat.gov.tr/Kitap.do?metod=KitapDetay&KT_ID=15&KITAP_ID=72>;
New York: New York City Department of Motor Vehicles, ‘Vehicle Registrations on File’, (2013), <http://dmv.ny.gov/statistic/2013regin-force.pdf>;
Mexico City: Institute for Transportation and Development Policy (Brazil), ‘Report on Policies to Reduce Congestion in Latin America’, (2011), <https://www.itdp.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Guia-practica-estacionamiento-y-politicas-de-reduccion-de-congestion-en-america-latina.pdf>;
Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo: Institute for Transportation and Development Policy (Brazil), ‘Report on Policies to Reduce Congestion in Latin America’, (2011), <https://www.itdp.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Guia-practica-estacionamiento-y-politicas-de-reduccion-de-congestion-en-america-latina.pdf>;
Johannesburg: City of Johannesburg, ‘Transportation Master Plan’, (2009), <http://www.joburg.org.za/images/stories/2013/May/CoJ%20SITPF%20Draft%2013%20May%202013.pdf>;
Addis Ababa: LSE Cities own data;
Mumbai: Mumbai Road Transport Offices, (2006), <http://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai/mumbai-has-more-than-25-lakh-vehicles/story-GAirpgRUUv6nHYsvEFSYxM.html>;
Delhi: Government of Delhi, Directorate of Economics and Statistics, ‘Statistical Abstract of Delhi’, (2011), <http://delhi.gov.in/DoIT/DES/Publication/abstract/SA2012.pdf>;
Hong Kong: Hong Kong Transport Department, ‘Selected Indicators on Transport’, (2014), <http://www.td.gov.hk/filemanager/en/content_4703/table11.pdf>;
Shanghai: National Bureau of Statistics of China, ‘China Statistical Yearbook’, (2013), <http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2014/indexeh.htm>;
CO2 Emissions (tonnes per capita)
London: Greater London Authority, ‘London Energy and Greenhouse Gas Inventory’, (2011), <http://data.london.gov.uk/dataset/leggi2012>;
Berlin: Statistical Office for Berlin-Brandenburg, ‘Core Indicators for Sustainable Development’, (2010), <http://www.stadtentwicklung.berlin.de/planen/foren_initiativen/nachhaltige_stadtentwicklung/download/kernindikatorenbericht_2014.pdf>;
Istanbul: Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, ‘Regional Statistics Database’, (2008), <http://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?datasetcode=REG_DEMO_TL2>;
New York, Mexico City and Rio de Janeiro: CDP, ‘City-wide Greenhouse Gas Emissions Map’, (2014), <https://data.cdp.net/Cities/City-wide-GHG-emissionsmap-2014/m5t8-2pdk>;
São Paulo: Sao Paulo Municipality, ‘Inventory of Anthropogenic Emissions and Removals of Greenhouse Gas Emissions of the Municipality of São Paulo from 2003 to 2009’, (2009), <https://www.cdp.net/sites/2014/84/31184/CDP%20Cities%202014/Shared%20Documents/Attachments/CDPCities2014/Community-ExternalVerification/Sumário%20Executivo%20Inventário%20GEE%20-%20Executive%20Summary%20Inventory%20GHG.pdf>; Johannesburg: Sustainable Energy Africa, ‘State of Energy in African Cities’, (2011), <http://www.sustainable.org.za/uploads/files/file80.pdf>;
Addis Ababa: Addis Ababa Environmental Protection Authority, ‘Addis Ababa Greenhouse Gas Emission Inventory 2012’, (2010), <http://www.echnoserve.com/publications/Final%20aa-inventory-low-res(encrypted).pdf>;
Mumbai and Dehli: Siemens, ‘Asian Green City Index’, (2011), <http://www.siemens.com/entry/cc/features/greencityindex_international/all/en/pdf/report_asia.pdf>;
Hong Kong: The World Bank, ‘World Development Indicators’, (2011), <http://databank.worldbank.org/data/reports.aspx?source=2&country=HKG&series=&period=>;
Shanghai: Stockholm Environment Institute, ‘The Role of Chinese Cities in Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction’, (2011), <https://www.sei-international.org/mediamanager/documents/Publications/Climate/Cities-low-carbonfuture-2015-China-briefing.pdf>;
Annual Mean PM10 levels (μg/m3)
World Health Organisation, ‘Ambient (outdoor) Air Pollution Database: Cities’, (2015), <http://www.who.int/entity/phe/health_topics/outdoorair/ databases/WHO_AAP_database_May2016_v3web.xlsx?ua=1>;
City Income Inequality UN International Alert Line for Gini Coefficient
London: The Work Foundation and Joseph Rowntree Foundation, ‘Wage Inequality and Employment Polarisation in British Cities’, (2010), <http://www.theworkfoundation.com/DownloadPublication/Report/334_Wage%20inequality%20and%20employment%20polarisation%20in%20British%20cities%20FINAL.pdf>;
Berlin: Statistical Office for Berlin-Brandenburg, ‘Statistical Yearbook’, (2010), <https://www.statistik-berlin-brandenburg.de/produkte/Jahrbuch/jb2010/JB_2010_BE.pdf>;
Istanbul: Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, ‘Regional Income Distribution and Poverty Data’, (2010), <http://stats.oecd.org/index.aspx?queryid=58616>;
New York: U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, ‘Gini Index of Income Inequality (2014 1 year estimates)’, (2014), <http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_14_1YR_B19083&prodType=table>;
Mexico City: Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, ‘Regional Income Distribution and Poverty Data’, (2010), <http://stats.oecd.org/index.aspx?queryid=58616>;
Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo: United Nations Development Program, ‘Atlas of Human Development in Brazil’, (2010), <http://atlasbrasil.org.br/2013/pt/perfil_rm/rio-de-janeiro> and http://atlasbrasil.org.br/2013/pt/perfil_rm/sao-paulo>;
Johannesburg: City of Johannesburg, ‘City Interventions to Address Inequality and Poverty’, (2009), <http://www.joburg.org.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6898&-catid=209&Itemid=114>; Addis Ababa: UN-Habitat, ‘The State of the World’s Cities’, (2003), <http://unhabitat.org/books/state-of-the-worlds-cities-20102011-cities-for-all-bridging-the-urban-divide/>;
Mumbai: Government of India, Planning Commission, ‘Gini Coefficient of Distribution of Consumption: 1973–74 to 2009–10’ (0.066 points added to consumption figure for comparability with income measure), (2009), <http://planningcommission.nic.in/data/datatable/0814/table_105.pdf>;
Delhi: P.B. Mehta, ‘How India Stumbled: Can New Dehli Get Its Groove Back?’, Foreign Affairs (July/August, 2012), <https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/india/2012-06-18/how-india-stumbled>;
Hong Kong: Social Indicators of Hong Kong, Census and Statistics Department, ‘Gini Coefficient’, (2011), <http://www. socialindicators.org.hk/en/indicators/economy/11.6>; Shanghai: UN-Habitat, ‘The State of the World’s Cities’, (2005), <http://www.unhabitat.org.jo/en/inp/Upload/2233036_pages%20from%20Report-Englishrd-2.pdf>;
Population Under 20 (%)
London: Office for National Statistics, ‘Census 2011: Population by Age, UK Districts’, (2011), <http://data.london.gov.uk/dataset/census-2011-population-age-uk-districts>;
Berlin: Statistical Offices of the Federal and State Governments, ‘Census 2011’, (2011), <https://www.zensus2011.de/EN/Home/home_node.html>;
Istanbul: Turkish Statistical Institute, ‘Housing and Population Census’, (2011), <http://www.turkstat.gov.tr/PreTablo.do?alt_id=1047>: New York: U.S. Census Bureau,
‘Decennial Census’, (2010), <http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/index.xhtml>; Mexico City: National Institute of Geography and Statistics (INEGI), ‘Decennial Census’, (2010), <http://www3. inegi.org.mx/sistemas/mexicocifras/default.aspx?e=15>;
Rio de Janeiro: Rio Prefeitura Datastore, ‘Decennial Census’, (2010), <http://www.armazemdedados.rio.rj.gov.br/>;
São Paulo: Sao Paulo Prefeitura, Infocidade, ‘Decennial Census’, (2010), <http://infocidade.prefeitura.sp.gov.br/>;
Johannesburg: Statistics South Africa, ‘Decennial Census’, (2011), <http://interactive.statssa.gov.za/superweb/login.do>;
Addis Ababa: Central Statistics Agency, (2007), <http://www.csa.gov.et/images/documents/pdf_files/regional/AddisAbaba.pdf>;
Mumbai and Dehli: Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India, ‘Decennial Census’, (2011), <http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-series/C-14.html>;
Hong Kong: Hong Kong Census and Statistics Department, ‘Decennial Census’, (2011), <http://www.census2011.gov.hk/en/main-table/A114.html>;
Shanghai: Shanghai Bureau of Statistics, ‘Shanghai Statistical Yearbook’, (2005), <http://chinadataonline.org/member/yearbooknew/yearbook/Aayearbook.aspx?ybcode=EB8F8F8038EF1A88B4E82E004C3E5CED&key=en>;
Life Expectancy
London: GLA datastore, (2014), <http://data.london.gov.uk/dataset/life-expectancy-birth-andage-65-borough>; Berlin: DeStatis, ‘Life Expectancy’, (2013), https://www.destatis.de/DE/ZahlenFakten/GesellschaftStaat/Bevoelkerung/Sterbefaelle/Tabellen/LebenserwartungBundeslaenderMaennlich.html>;
Istanbul: Turkish Statistical Institute (Turkstat), ‘Life Tables’, (2013), <http://www.turkstat.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=18522>;
New York: New York City Department of Health, (2012), <http://www.nyc.gov/html/doh/html/data/vs-summary.shtml>;
Mexico City: Mexico Institute of Statistics and Geography, (2014), <http://www3.inegi.org.mx/sistemas/mexicocifras/default.aspx?e=15>;
Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo: Brazilian Institute for Geography and Statistics (IGBE), ‘Health Statistics’, (2010), <http://www.ibge.gov.br/english/estatistica/populacao/tabuas_abreviadas_mortalidade/2010/default.shtm>;
Johannesburg: Stats South Africa, ‘Population Estimates’, (2011), <http://www.statssa.gov.za/?page_id=1854&PPN=P0302&SCH=6012>;
Addis Ababa: AllAfrica (2012);
Mumbai: UNDP and the Government of Maharasthra, ‘Mumbai Human Development Report’, (2007), <http://mhupa.gov.in/W_new/Mumbai%20HDR%20Complete.pdf>;
Delhi: Government of NCT of Dehli, ‘Delhi Human Development Report 2013’, (2010), <http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/doit_planning/Planning/Misc./Index+Human+Development+Report+2013>;
Hong Kong: Hong Kong Health Department, ‘Health Facts of Hong Kong’, (2014), http://www.dh.gov.hk/english/statistics/statistics_hs/statistics_hs.html>;
Shanghai: Information Office of Shanghai Municipality, (2013), <http://en.shio.gov.cn/facts.html>;
Murder Rate (homicides per 100,000 inhabitants)
London: LSE Cities own calculations based on London Metropolitan Police and London Datastore current homicide and population figures, (2014), <http://www.met.police.uk/crimefigures/>;
Berlin: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), (2011), <Uhttps://data.unodc.org/>;
Istanbul: UNODC, (2008), <https://data.unodc.org/>;
New York: ‘Federal Bureau of Investigation – 2014¹ Uniform Crime Report (UCR)’, (2014), <https://www.baruch.cuny.edu/nycdata/ public_safety/crime-selectcities.htm>;
Mexico City: UNODC, (2011), <https://data.unodc.org/>;
Rio de Janeiro: Report from Secretariat of the Presidency, (2011), <http://mapadaviolencia.org.br/pdf2013/mapa2013_homicidios_juventude.pdf>; Sao Paulo: UNODC, (2012), <https://data.unodc.org/>;
Johannesburg: LSE Cities own calculations based on South African Police Crime Statistics and Stats SA population figures, (2011), <http://www.saps.gov.za/resource_centre/publications/statistics/crimestats/2015/crime_stats.php>;
Addis Ababa: G.R. Newman, Crime and Punishment around the World (Santa Barbara, CA, 2000), <https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2uK6bR9byVIC&pg=PA77&lpg=PA77&dq=homicide+per+100000+addis+ababa&-source=bl&ots=s_ClWPf-k8&sig=ZFNaEJDRPE3-http://sgo.sagepub.com/content/5/1/2158244014565335> and <http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/faculty/rwinslow/africa/ethiopia.html>;
Mumbai: UNODC, (2010), <https://data.unodc.org/>;
Delhi: National Crime Records Bureau, Ministry of Home Affairs, (2012), <http://ncrb.gov.in/StatPublications/CII/CII2012/Statistics2012.pdf>;
Hong Kong: UNODC, (2012), <https://data.unodc.org/>;
Shanghai: Shanghai Statistical Datasheet, (2013).