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Brexit – A critical audit in the cold light of day

Friday 21 November 2025

Brexit has been a decade-long process rather than discrete events, and has had enduring effects on the United Kingdom’s economy and society, as well as affecting former partners in the European Union. While there is a broad consensus that the macroeconomic impact has been damaging to both sides, the incidence of Brexit on households, social groups and different economic sectors has been uneven. Overall, it has affected the UK more than the EU.

In a new research report from the LSE IDEAS Europe Initiative and the Friedrich Naumann Foundation for Freedom, our Professorial Research Fellow Iain Begg distinguishes and critically analyses three broad categories – economic, social, and governance – of Brexit’s impact on the UK and EU.

It examines the uneven effects on various economic sectors and groups, paying particular attention to how different categories of households are affected.

Iain Begg
Discover the LSE Ideas report