Understanding gender inequality has long been a central concern of economic history as a discipline. The Nobel Prize awarded to Claudia Goldin in 2023 was one expression of this, centring as it did on her work on women’s role in labour markets over time. Research in our department by Professor Sara Horrell and emeritus Centennial Professor Jane Humphries has done much to uncover the long-run development of women’s wages and living standards, and locate them in the context of changing households. They have also studied the internal dynamics of household resource allocation by gender and are currently researching the economic value of household domestic labour.
Dr. Melanie Meng Xue’s work examines the long-term consequences of affirmative action policies in imperial China, shedding light on how regional quotas influenced social mobility and the prospects of disadvantaged groups (Link). Her research on gender and economic empowerment investigates how structural changes in the economy—such as the Cotton Revolution—expanded opportunities for women in China (Link). Additionally, her work on the histories and traditions of underrepresented groups examines how cultural beliefs and narratives influence economic and social outcomes over time (Link). By integrating computational methods with historical analysis, her research offers new perspectives on how values and institutions evolve.
The connections between ethnicity and inequality and social mobility are an important focus of research in the department. Professor Neil Cummins work on the Irish in England has demonstrated the strong persistence of poverty among Irish migrants settled in England and the drivers of this. His subsequent work has explored ethnic wealth inequality between 1858 and 2018. Professor Joan Roses research into epidemics has explored how Influenza impacted economic inequality and how mortality varied between genders.
Further Reading
Basco, Sergi & Domènech, Jordi & Rosés, Joan R., 2024. "Socioeconomic mortality differences during the Great Influenza in Spain," Economics & Human Biology, Elsevier, vol. 52(C).
Cummins NJ, Ó Gráda C. The Irish in England. The Journal of Economic History. 2025;85(1):180-214. doi:10.1017/S0022050724000536
Horrell, Sara, Jane Humphries and Jacob Weisdorf, “Beyond the male breadwinner: life-cycle living standards of intact and disrupted working families, 1260-1850”, Economic History Review, 2021, 75, pp.530-60
Horrell, Sara, Jane Humphries and Jacob Weisdorf ‘Family living standards over the long-run, England 1280-1850’, Past & Present, 2021, 250, pp.87-134
Horrell, Sara, Jane Humphries and Deborah Oxley “Gender bias in nineteenth-century England: Evidence from factory children”, Economics and Human Biology, 2016, 22, pp.47-64.
Horrell, Sara and Deborah Oxley “Bringing home the bacon? Regional nutrition, stature and gender in the Industrial Revolution”, Economic History Review, vol. 65, 14, November 2012, pp.1354-79, with Deborah Oxley.
Horrell, Sara and Deborah Oxley (1999) “Crust or crumb?: Intrahousehold resource allocation and male breadwinning in late Victorian Britain”, Economic History Review LII, pp.494-522
Humphries, Jane (2024b) “Careworn: the economic history of caring labour”, Journal of Economic History, 84, pp.319-51
Humphries, Jane and Ryah Thomas (2023) “’The best job in the world’: breadwinning and the capture of household labour in nineteenth and early-twentieth century British coal mining”, Feminist Economics, 29, pp.97-140
Basco, Sergi & Domènech, Jordi & Rosés, Joan R., 2021. "The redistributive effects of pandemics: Evidence on the Spanish flu," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 141(C).
Xue, Melanie Meng and Zhang, Boxiao, The Short- and Long-Run Effects of Affirmative Action: Evidence from Imperial China (December 31, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3997918
Xue, Melanie Meng, High-Value Work and the Rise of Women: The Cotton Revolution and Gender Equality in China (February 23, 2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2389218