{"id":80774,"date":"2025-10-16T15:53:51","date_gmt":"2025-10-16T14:53:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lse.ac.uk\/granthaminstitute\/?post_type=news&#038;p=80774"},"modified":"2025-10-16T16:27:59","modified_gmt":"2025-10-16T15:27:59","slug":"why-engaging-with-food-insecurity-in-the-context-of-climate-change-is-increasingly-important","status":"publish","type":"news","link":"https:\/\/www.lse.ac.uk\/granthaminstitute\/news\/why-engaging-with-food-insecurity-in-the-context-of-climate-change-is-increasingly-important\/","title":{"rendered":"Why engaging with food insecurity in the context of climate change is increasingly important"},"content":{"rendered":"<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC \"-\/\/W3C\/\/DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional\/\/EN\" \"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/REC-html40\/loose.dtd\">\n<?xml encoding=\"UTF-8\"><p class=\"is-style-large\">On this World Food Day, which marks the 80th anniversary of the founding of United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, former master&rsquo;s students of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.lse.ac.uk\/granthaminstitute\/projects\/climate-food-insecurity-lab\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Climate Food (In)security Lab<\/a> at the Grantham Research Institute explain how food security is defined and highlight how climate change is already worsening our food and nutritional security.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>What is food security?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The 1996 World Food Summit <a class=\"link link--external\" rel=\"noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fao.org\/4\/w3613e\/w3613e00.htm\" aria-describedby=\"link-description-new-window\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"\">defined&#65279;<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewbox=\"0 0 16 16\" role=\"img\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M14.42 1.04L3.2.7a.8.8 0 00-.8.76v.1a.8.8 0 00.76.7l9.39.3L.93 14.16c-.3.3-.3.8 0 1.1l.09.08c.3.23.73.2 1.01-.07L13.65 3.65l.29 9.4a.8.8 0 00.8.76.79.79 0 00.77-.8L15.17 1.8a.82.82 0 00-.75-.76z\" fill=\"#2e3152\"><\/path><\/svg><\/a> food security as being when &ldquo;all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life&rdquo;. As such, food security requires food to be available, affordable, culturally appropriate and nutritious.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The Office of the United Nations <a class=\"link link--external\" rel=\"noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/sites\/default\/files\/Documents\/Publications\/FactSheet34en.pdf\" aria-describedby=\"link-description-new-window\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"\">High Commissioner for Human Rights&#65279;<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewbox=\"0 0 16 16\" role=\"img\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M14.42 1.04L3.2.7a.8.8 0 00-.8.76v.1a.8.8 0 00.76.7l9.39.3L.93 14.16c-.3.3-.3.8 0 1.1l.09.08c.3.23.73.2 1.01-.07L13.65 3.65l.29 9.4a.8.8 0 00.8.76.79.79 0 00.77-.8L15.17 1.8a.82.82 0 00-.75-.76z\" fill=\"#2e3152\"><\/path><\/svg><\/a> stipulates that the right to food is enshrined in international law providing an entitlement to access all requisite resources for the enjoyment of food security.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In 2015, the world committed to ending malnutrition and achieving global food security by 2030, with food security and improved nutrition represented in Goal 2, &lsquo;Zero Hunger&rsquo;, of the <a class=\"link link--external\" rel=\"noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/sdgs.un.org\/goals\/goal2\" aria-describedby=\"link-description-new-window\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"\">United Nations Sustainable Development Goals&#65279;<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewbox=\"0 0 16 16\" role=\"img\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M14.42 1.04L3.2.7a.8.8 0 00-.8.76v.1a.8.8 0 00.76.7l9.39.3L.93 14.16c-.3.3-.3.8 0 1.1l.09.08c.3.23.73.2 1.01-.07L13.65 3.65l.29 9.4a.8.8 0 00.8.76.79.79 0 00.77-.8L15.17 1.8a.82.82 0 00-.75-.76z\" fill=\"#2e3152\"><\/path><\/svg><\/a>. Yet soon after that date, the prevalence of undernourishment, which had been on a downward trend, began to increase, and only recently has it started to decline again.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Generally, four pillars of food security are considered: availability, access, utilisation and stability.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a class=\"link link--external\" rel=\"noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fao.org\/4\/i0100e\/i0100e.pdf\" aria-describedby=\"link-description-new-window\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"\">Food availability&#65279;<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewbox=\"0 0 16 16\" role=\"img\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M14.42 1.04L3.2.7a.8.8 0 00-.8.76v.1a.8.8 0 00.76.7l9.39.3L.93 14.16c-.3.3-.3.8 0 1.1l.09.08c.3.23.73.2 1.01-.07L13.65 3.65l.29 9.4a.8.8 0 00.8.76.79.79 0 00.77-.8L15.17 1.8a.82.82 0 00-.75-.76z\" fill=\"#2e3152\"><\/path><\/svg><\/a><\/strong> is the physical presence of food in a region and so is closely linked to crop and livestock production and food stocks, in addition to trade. Sometimes food production is conflated with food security, or used as a proxy for food security. But high levels of production <a class=\"link link--external\" rel=\"noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S2452263523000010\" aria-describedby=\"link-description-new-window\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"\">can be found alongside&#65279;<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewbox=\"0 0 16 16\" role=\"img\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M14.42 1.04L3.2.7a.8.8 0 00-.8.76v.1a.8.8 0 00.76.7l9.39.3L.93 14.16c-.3.3-.3.8 0 1.1l.09.08c.3.23.73.2 1.01-.07L13.65 3.65l.29 9.4a.8.8 0 00.8.76.79.79 0 00.77-.8L15.17 1.8a.82.82 0 00-.75-.76z\" fill=\"#2e3152\"><\/path><\/svg><\/a> high levels of food insecurity as a result of poverty, inequalities, distribution and conflicts, among other factors.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a class=\"link link--external\" rel=\"noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/openknowledge.fao.org\/server\/api\/core\/bitstreams\/f65d3e42-8564-4e6c-b1c8-e8193e0b4a15\/content\" aria-describedby=\"link-description-new-window\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"\">Food access&#65279;<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewbox=\"0 0 16 16\" role=\"img\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M14.42 1.04L3.2.7a.8.8 0 00-.8.76v.1a.8.8 0 00.76.7l9.39.3L.93 14.16c-.3.3-.3.8 0 1.1l.09.08c.3.23.73.2 1.01-.07L13.65 3.65l.29 9.4a.8.8 0 00.8.76.79.79 0 00.77-.8L15.17 1.8a.82.82 0 00-.75-.76z\" fill=\"#2e3152\"><\/path><\/svg><\/a><\/strong> refers to individuals&rsquo; and countries&rsquo; ability to obtain sufficient quantities and qualities of&nbsp;food, and so depends on various factors such as food prices, market accessibility, income and wealth distribution.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Food utilisation<\/strong> relates to the process by which a body uses the food it consumes to meet its nutritional needs and can be affected by people&rsquo;s ability to prepare food under hygienic conditions; the presence of food-borne mycotoxins; and the extent to which a person&rsquo;s body is able to absorb and use nutrients from food. Undernutrition, often considered separately from food insecurity, can be driven not only by a lack of access to sufficient and nutritious food, but is closely linked to utilisation, including whether someone is suffering from <a class=\"link link--external\" rel=\"noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/eprints.lse.ac.uk\/117453\/1\/africaatlse_2022_11_17_climate_change_food_consumption_and_child_health_in_egypt_how_can_outcomes_be_improved.pdf\" aria-describedby=\"link-description-new-window\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"\">diarrhoeal diseases or intestinal parasites&#65279;<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewbox=\"0 0 16 16\" role=\"img\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M14.42 1.04L3.2.7a.8.8 0 00-.8.76v.1a.8.8 0 00.76.7l9.39.3L.93 14.16c-.3.3-.3.8 0 1.1l.09.08c.3.23.73.2 1.01-.07L13.65 3.65l.29 9.4a.8.8 0 00.8.76.79.79 0 00.77-.8L15.17 1.8a.82.82 0 00-.75-.76z\" fill=\"#2e3152\"><\/path><\/svg><\/a>, for example, which affect nutrient utilisation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wfp.org\/stories\/food-security-what-it-means-and-why-it-matters\"><strong>Food stability<\/strong><\/a> is a cross-cutting concept and refers to food being available and people being able to access it consistently and reliably over time. A lack of stability could be driven by conflicts, seasonal food shortages, or acute climate-linked events such as droughts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Climate change is already affecting food security<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Engaging with food insecurity in a climate insecure world is increasingly important. Both observed and projected future climate change are predicted with high confidence to affect all <a class=\"link link--external\" rel=\"noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ipcc.ch\/srccl\/chapter\/chapter-5\/\" aria-describedby=\"link-description-new-window\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"\">four pillars of food security&#65279;<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewbox=\"0 0 16 16\" role=\"img\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M14.42 1.04L3.2.7a.8.8 0 00-.8.76v.1a.8.8 0 00.76.7l9.39.3L.93 14.16c-.3.3-.3.8 0 1.1l.09.08c.3.23.73.2 1.01-.07L13.65 3.65l.29 9.4a.8.8 0 00.8.76.79.79 0 00.77-.8L15.17 1.8a.82.82 0 00-.75-.76z\" fill=\"#2e3152\"><\/path><\/svg><\/a>. We explain some of the links between climate change and food and nutritional security below.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Availability<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Climate&nbsp;and weather shocks&nbsp;are <a class=\"link link--external\" rel=\"noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2502789122\" aria-describedby=\"link-description-new-window\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"\">already negatively affecting global food production&#65279;<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewbox=\"0 0 16 16\" role=\"img\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M14.42 1.04L3.2.7a.8.8 0 00-.8.76v.1a.8.8 0 00.76.7l9.39.3L.93 14.16c-.3.3-.3.8 0 1.1l.09.08c.3.23.73.2 1.01-.07L13.65 3.65l.29 9.4a.8.8 0 00.8.76.79.79 0 00.77-.8L15.17 1.8a.82.82 0 00-.75-.76z\" fill=\"#2e3152\"><\/path><\/svg><\/a>, and these impacts are projected to worsen with future climate change. For example, climate change is already <a class=\"link link--external\" rel=\"noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ipcc.ch\/srccl\/chapter\/chapter-5\/\" aria-describedby=\"link-description-new-window\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"\">having an adverse effect on crop yields&#65279;<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewbox=\"0 0 16 16\" role=\"img\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M14.42 1.04L3.2.7a.8.8 0 00-.8.76v.1a.8.8 0 00.76.7l9.39.3L.93 14.16c-.3.3-.3.8 0 1.1l.09.08c.3.23.73.2 1.01-.07L13.65 3.65l.29 9.4a.8.8 0 00.8.76.79.79 0 00.77-.8L15.17 1.8a.82.82 0 00-.75-.76z\" fill=\"#2e3152\"><\/path><\/svg><\/a>, including <a class=\"link link--external\" rel=\"noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-019-49167-0\" aria-describedby=\"link-description-new-window\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"\">millet yields in West Africa&#65279;<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewbox=\"0 0 16 16\" role=\"img\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M14.42 1.04L3.2.7a.8.8 0 00-.8.76v.1a.8.8 0 00.76.7l9.39.3L.93 14.16c-.3.3-.3.8 0 1.1l.09.08c.3.23.73.2 1.01-.07L13.65 3.65l.29 9.4a.8.8 0 00.8.76.79.79 0 00.77-.8L15.17 1.8a.82.82 0 00-.75-.76z\" fill=\"#2e3152\"><\/path><\/svg><\/a>. Increasing temperatures and increasing frequency of droughts, heatwaves and extreme precipitation events can <a class=\"link link--external\" rel=\"noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/climate-adapt.eea.europa.eu\/en\/eu-adaptation-policy\/key-eu-actions\/european-climate-risk-assessment\" aria-describedby=\"link-description-new-window\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"\">affect harvests and increase price volatility&#65279;<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewbox=\"0 0 16 16\" role=\"img\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M14.42 1.04L3.2.7a.8.8 0 00-.8.76v.1a.8.8 0 00.76.7l9.39.3L.93 14.16c-.3.3-.3.8 0 1.1l.09.08c.3.23.73.2 1.01-.07L13.65 3.65l.29 9.4a.8.8 0 00.8.76.79.79 0 00.77-.8L15.17 1.8a.82.82 0 00-.75-.76z\" fill=\"#2e3152\"><\/path><\/svg><\/a>, increase <a class=\"link link--external\" rel=\"noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ipcc.ch\/srccl\/chapter\/chapter-5\/\" aria-describedby=\"link-description-new-window\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"\">long-term soil degradation&#65279;<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewbox=\"0 0 16 16\" role=\"img\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M14.42 1.04L3.2.7a.8.8 0 00-.8.76v.1a.8.8 0 00.76.7l9.39.3L.93 14.16c-.3.3-.3.8 0 1.1l.09.08c.3.23.73.2 1.01-.07L13.65 3.65l.29 9.4a.8.8 0 00.8.76.79.79 0 00.77-.8L15.17 1.8a.82.82 0 00-.75-.76z\" fill=\"#2e3152\"><\/path><\/svg><\/a>, and worsen water scarcity and soil erosion. Crop yields are also being affected by climate change-induced increases in the prevalence of agricultural pests and diseases. For example, tropical cyclones in East Africa, which are becoming more extreme due to climate change, provide the warm, sandy and wet soil that is an ideal environment <a class=\"link link--external\" rel=\"noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41558-020-0835-8.pdf\" aria-describedby=\"link-description-new-window\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"\">for locust outbreaks&#65279;<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewbox=\"0 0 16 16\" role=\"img\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M14.42 1.04L3.2.7a.8.8 0 00-.8.76v.1a.8.8 0 00.76.7l9.39.3L.93 14.16c-.3.3-.3.8 0 1.1l.09.08c.3.23.73.2 1.01-.07L13.65 3.65l.29 9.4a.8.8 0 00.8.76.79.79 0 00.77-.8L15.17 1.8a.82.82 0 00-.75-.76z\" fill=\"#2e3152\"><\/path><\/svg><\/a>. While most of these impacts are negative, there are a few short-term effects that appear beneficial.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For example, increased CO<sub>2<\/sub> levels resulting from climatic change have also long been recognised to be increasing <a class=\"link link--external\" rel=\"noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature13179\" aria-describedby=\"link-description-new-window\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"\">crop yields for many of the major grains&#65279;<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewbox=\"0 0 16 16\" role=\"img\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M14.42 1.04L3.2.7a.8.8 0 00-.8.76v.1a.8.8 0 00.76.7l9.39.3L.93 14.16c-.3.3-.3.8 0 1.1l.09.08c.3.23.73.2 1.01-.07L13.65 3.65l.29 9.4a.8.8 0 00.8.76.79.79 0 00.77-.8L15.17 1.8a.82.82 0 00-.75-.76z\" fill=\"#2e3152\"><\/path><\/svg><\/a>. Elevated CO<sub>2<\/sub> appears to have a strong and positive impact on cassava yields, which, coupled with cassava&rsquo;s drought-tolerance, <a class=\"link link--external\" rel=\"noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12042-011-9086-1\" aria-describedby=\"link-description-new-window\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"\">makes it a climate-smart crop&#65279;<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewbox=\"0 0 16 16\" role=\"img\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M14.42 1.04L3.2.7a.8.8 0 00-.8.76v.1a.8.8 0 00.76.7l9.39.3L.93 14.16c-.3.3-.3.8 0 1.1l.09.08c.3.23.73.2 1.01-.07L13.65 3.65l.29 9.4a.8.8 0 00.8.76.79.79 0 00.77-.8L15.17 1.8a.82.82 0 00-.75-.76z\" fill=\"#2e3152\"><\/path><\/svg><\/a>. This is important for sub-Saharan Africa, where the positive CO<sub>2<\/sub> fertilisation effect is more likely to be outweighed by the negative heat and drought effects of climate change. Also in sub-Saharan Africa, sorghum appears, at least in the short term, to be <a class=\"link link--external\" rel=\"noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0217148\" aria-describedby=\"link-description-new-window\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"\">benefiting from the overall impacts of climate change&#65279;<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewbox=\"0 0 16 16\" role=\"img\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M14.42 1.04L3.2.7a.8.8 0 00-.8.76v.1a.8.8 0 00.76.7l9.39.3L.93 14.16c-.3.3-.3.8 0 1.1l.09.08c.3.23.73.2 1.01-.07L13.65 3.65l.29 9.4a.8.8 0 00.8.76.79.79 0 00.77-.8L15.17 1.8a.82.82 0 00-.75-.76z\" fill=\"#2e3152\"><\/path><\/svg><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>However, higher levels of CO<sub>2<\/sub> negatively affect the macro and micro nutritional quality of certain grains, which has a negative impact on grain protein quality and <a class=\"link link--external\" rel=\"noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC11385011\/\" aria-describedby=\"link-description-new-window\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"\">critical nutrients such as amino acids&#65279;<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewbox=\"0 0 16 16\" role=\"img\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M14.42 1.04L3.2.7a.8.8 0 00-.8.76v.1a.8.8 0 00.76.7l9.39.3L.93 14.16c-.3.3-.3.8 0 1.1l.09.08c.3.23.73.2 1.01-.07L13.65 3.65l.29 9.4a.8.8 0 00.8.76.79.79 0 00.77-.8L15.17 1.8a.82.82 0 00-.75-.76z\" fill=\"#2e3152\"><\/path><\/svg><\/a>. And despite the benefits of CO<sub>2<\/sub> fertilisation for some crops, in the main, climate change is harming the availability of food.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Access<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Increasingly, incidences of heatwaves, gradual increases in temperature and drought are having a negative impact on food access. For every 1&deg;C of temperature anomaly, measured by the difference between the mean annual temperature and the 30-year mean temperature for each region, global food insecurity was estimated to have <a class=\"link link--external\" rel=\"noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-022-08696-x\" aria-describedby=\"link-description-new-window\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"\">increased by 1.4% in 2014 and 1.64% in 2019&#65279;<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewbox=\"0 0 16 16\" role=\"img\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M14.42 1.04L3.2.7a.8.8 0 00-.8.76v.1a.8.8 0 00.76.7l9.39.3L.93 14.16c-.3.3-.3.8 0 1.1l.09.08c.3.23.73.2 1.01-.07L13.65 3.65l.29 9.4a.8.8 0 00.8.76.79.79 0 00.77-.8L15.17 1.8a.82.82 0 00-.75-.76z\" fill=\"#2e3152\"><\/path><\/svg><\/a>. In Malawi, a 1&deg;C increase in temperature was found to have reduced food consumption by <a class=\"link link--external\" rel=\"noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fao.org\/agrifood-economics\/publications\/detail\/en\/c\/1179654\/\" aria-describedby=\"link-description-new-window\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"\">approximately 18% and daily calorie intake by 20%&#65279;<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewbox=\"0 0 16 16\" role=\"img\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M14.42 1.04L3.2.7a.8.8 0 00-.8.76v.1a.8.8 0 00.76.7l9.39.3L.93 14.16c-.3.3-.3.8 0 1.1l.09.08c.3.23.73.2 1.01-.07L13.65 3.65l.29 9.4a.8.8 0 00.8.76.79.79 0 00.77-.8L15.17 1.8a.82.82 0 00-.75-.76z\" fill=\"#2e3152\"><\/path><\/svg><\/a> between 2010 and 2017. Food prices in flood-affected communities in Bangladesh have been found to be higher than in communities not affected by flooding, <a class=\"link link--external\" rel=\"noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/wfp.tind.io\/record\/130381\/files\/WFP%20322%202015.pdf\" aria-describedby=\"link-description-new-window\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"\">with the effects lasting for up to nine months after a flood event&#65279;<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewbox=\"0 0 16 16\" role=\"img\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M14.42 1.04L3.2.7a.8.8 0 00-.8.76v.1a.8.8 0 00.76.7l9.39.3L.93 14.16c-.3.3-.3.8 0 1.1l.09.08c.3.23.73.2 1.01-.07L13.65 3.65l.29 9.4a.8.8 0 00.8.76.79.79 0 00.77-.8L15.17 1.8a.82.82 0 00-.75-.76z\" fill=\"#2e3152\"><\/path><\/svg><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Utilisation<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Climate change affects the food utilisation pillar by reducing food safety and impairing the body&rsquo;s ability to absorb nutrients through increased mycotoxins,&nbsp;increased prevalence of&nbsp;<a class=\"link link--external\" rel=\"noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.0701976104\" aria-describedby=\"link-description-new-window\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"\">water and food-borne diseases&#65279;<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewbox=\"0 0 16 16\" role=\"img\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M14.42 1.04L3.2.7a.8.8 0 00-.8.76v.1a.8.8 0 00.76.7l9.39.3L.93 14.16c-.3.3-.3.8 0 1.1l.09.08c.3.23.73.2 1.01-.07L13.65 3.65l.29 9.4a.8.8 0 00.8.76.79.79 0 00.77-.8L15.17 1.8a.82.82 0 00-.75-.76z\" fill=\"#2e3152\"><\/path><\/svg><\/a>, and reducing the nutritional value of staple crops such as wheat, rice and maize. In Peru, the El Nino weather pattern <a class=\"link link--external\" rel=\"noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)82010-3\" aria-describedby=\"link-description-new-window\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"\">increased the number of hospital admissions&#65279;<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewbox=\"0 0 16 16\" role=\"img\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M14.42 1.04L3.2.7a.8.8 0 00-.8.76v.1a.8.8 0 00.76.7l9.39.3L.93 14.16c-.3.3-.3.8 0 1.1l.09.08c.3.23.73.2 1.01-.07L13.65 3.65l.29 9.4a.8.8 0 00.8.76.79.79 0 00.77-.8L15.17 1.8a.82.82 0 00-.75-.76z\" fill=\"#2e3152\"><\/path><\/svg><\/a> for diarrhoea by 200% above numbers expected during regular seasonal ambient temperatures. And in the US, the increasing frequency of heavy rainfall events has increased the occurrence of <a class=\"link link--external\" rel=\"noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/AJPH.91.8.1194\" aria-describedby=\"link-description-new-window\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"\">waterborne disease outbreaks&#65279;<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewbox=\"0 0 16 16\" role=\"img\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M14.42 1.04L3.2.7a.8.8 0 00-.8.76v.1a.8.8 0 00.76.7l9.39.3L.93 14.16c-.3.3-.3.8 0 1.1l.09.08c.3.23.73.2 1.01-.07L13.65 3.65l.29 9.4a.8.8 0 00.8.76.79.79 0 00.77-.8L15.17 1.8a.82.82 0 00-.75-.76z\" fill=\"#2e3152\"><\/path><\/svg><\/a>. Higher temperatures are associated with greater prevalence of diarrhoeal diseases, <a class=\"link link--external\" rel=\"noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7861\/clinmedicine.10-6-624\" aria-describedby=\"link-description-new-window\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"\">which hinder nutrient absorption and are a leading cause of malnutrition&#65279;<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewbox=\"0 0 16 16\" role=\"img\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M14.42 1.04L3.2.7a.8.8 0 00-.8.76v.1a.8.8 0 00.76.7l9.39.3L.93 14.16c-.3.3-.3.8 0 1.1l.09.08c.3.23.73.2 1.01-.07L13.65 3.65l.29 9.4a.8.8 0 00.8.76.79.79 0 00.77-.8L15.17 1.8a.82.82 0 00-.75-.76z\" fill=\"#2e3152\"><\/path><\/svg><\/a>. Rising sea levels also increase soil salinity, <a class=\"link link--external\" rel=\"noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)01540-9\" aria-describedby=\"link-description-new-window\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"\">contributing to excess sodium in diets&#65279;<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewbox=\"0 0 16 16\" role=\"img\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M14.42 1.04L3.2.7a.8.8 0 00-.8.76v.1a.8.8 0 00.76.7l9.39.3L.93 14.16c-.3.3-.3.8 0 1.1l.09.08c.3.23.73.2 1.01-.07L13.65 3.65l.29 9.4a.8.8 0 00.8.76.79.79 0 00.77-.8L15.17 1.8a.82.82 0 00-.75-.76z\" fill=\"#2e3152\"><\/path><\/svg><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Stability<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>In the wider agrifood chain, climate and weather shocks, which are increasingly frequent and intense due to climate change, affect <a class=\"link link--external\" rel=\"noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ipcc.ch\/srccl\/faqs\/faqs-chapter-5\/\" aria-describedby=\"link-description-new-window\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"\">processing, transportation and markets&#65279;<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewbox=\"0 0 16 16\" role=\"img\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M14.42 1.04L3.2.7a.8.8 0 00-.8.76v.1a.8.8 0 00.76.7l9.39.3L.93 14.16c-.3.3-.3.8 0 1.1l.09.08c.3.23.73.2 1.01-.07L13.65 3.65l.29 9.4a.8.8 0 00.8.76.79.79 0 00.77-.8L15.17 1.8a.82.82 0 00-.75-.76z\" fill=\"#2e3152\"><\/path><\/svg><\/a>. Extreme weather shocks that disrupt transportation routes can result in localised shortages and market segmentation, driving input and consumer price volatility which affects people&rsquo;s ability to access and afford healthy and nutritious food.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Evidence clearly shows that climate change is undermining all four pillars of food security, and the food system more broadly. The combined negative impacts of warming, extreme weather events, and declining nutritional quality require integrated policy responses that strengthen the resilience of agri-food systems Such actions could involve improved early warning systems, financial and technological support for farmers, and safety nets. Sustained commitment to these priorities is essential if progress towards Zero Hunger is to be achieved in an increasingly climate-insecure world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>The commentary represents work by former LSE master&rsquo;s students Lucia Letsch, Lauren O&rsquo;Leary, Charlotte Panhuyzen, and Deyan Pehlivanov, whose LSE MSc dissertations addressed different aspects of food security. Elizabeth Robinson, Shouro Dasgupta and Alice Bian also contributed.<\/em><\/p>\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC \"-\/\/W3C\/\/DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional\/\/EN\" \"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/REC-html40\/loose.dtd\">\n<?xml encoding=\"UTF-8\"><p>On World Food Day, former master&rsquo;s students of the Climate Food (In)security Lab at the Grantham Research Institute explain how food security is defined and highlight how climate change is already worsening our food and nutritional security.<\/p>\n\n","protected":false},"author":72,"featured_media":80781,"template":"","tags":[393,5079,5076,5075,5073,386,5078,5077,515,5072,5074],"news-category":[16],"topic_area":[4685,4692,4693,4707],"class_list":["post-80774","news","type-news","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","tag-climate-change","tag-climate-insecurity","tag-food-access","tag-food-availability","tag-food-insecurity","tag-food-security","tag-food-stability","tag-food-utilisation","tag-sdgs","tag-world-food-day","tag-zero-hunger","news-category-20-commentary","topic_area-climate-change-impacts-and-resilience","topic_area-adaptation-and-resilience","topic_area-climate-and-health","topic_area-sustainable-development"],"acf":{"show_translations_widget":{"ref_value":"field_6203d588c41e8","value":"0","type":false,"post_type":""},"downloads":{"ref_value":"field_52f16cc1a80f2","value":false,"type":"repeater","post_type":""},"rss_newsletter":{"ref_value":"field_54f5c2c1544d8","value":"","type":false,"post_type":""},"profile_link":{"ref_value":"field_52f164b5189e9","value":["lucia-letsch","lauren-oleary","charlotte-panhuyzen","deyan-pehlivanov","elizabeth-robinson","shouro-dasgupta","alice-bian"],"type":"relationship","post_type":"profile"},"article_link":{"ref_value":"field_52eee3c7f0586","value":"","type":false,"post_type":""},"article_link_title":{"ref_value":"field_5322399d89d42","value":"","type":false,"post_type":""},"spotlight":{"ref_value":"field_52f80896506d3","value":"","type":false,"post_type":""}},"yoast_head":"<!-- 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