Dr Charlotte Werndl

The course is primarily intended for MSc Philosophy of the Social Sciences, MSc Economics and Philosophy, MSc Philosophy of Science and LSE-Sciences Po Double Degree in European Studies. It is optional for MSc European Studies: Ideas and Identities.

The course examines a number of fundamental issues in philosophy of science, as they arise from instances of important theory-changes (so-called 'scientific revolutions') in the history of science.

1. The Copernican revolution: the switch from the Ptolemaic geocentric view of the world to the Copernican heliocentric one was probably the greatest revolution in human thought ever: What justified the switch? Was Ptolemaic theory definitively refuted by the data? Was Copernican theory simpler? Was the Church's view that Copernican theory should only be thought of as an instrument for calculating astronomical data purely theologically motivated or does it have some scientific rationale? What role was played in the eventual acceptance of the Copernican view by predictive success? Do we need to invoke social or other non-intellectual factors to explain why this 'revolution' occurred?

2. Galileo: Galileo and the telescope: are all observations 'theory-laden' and does this mean that there is a subjective element to all theory-choices? Galileo and the argument for his law of free fall: can theories be 'deduced from the phenomena'?

3. The Newtonian revolution: What was the relationship between Newton's theory and Kepler's and Galileo's laws? What does this tell us about theory-change in general?

4. The chemical revolution: What were Priestley and Lavoisier's experiments, and what exactly led scientists to supplant phlogiston theory by oxygen theory? What does this tell us about theory change in general? In particular, what role did crucial experiments play in this revolution?

5. The Darwinian Revolution: This revolution certainly ranks alongside the Copernican one in terms of its impact on man's view of herself. But debates about the scientific credentials of Darwin's theory began immediately on the publication of Darwin's work and continue to this day. Is Darwinian theory unfalsifiable (or even just one big tautology)? Can 'scientific' creationists explain everything that Darwin can?; What objections were raised by Darwin's critics to particular aspects of Darwinian theory? Were these valid objections and, in so far as they were, have they now been resolved?

Twenty lectures one hour each (MT, LT); and twenty seminars one and a half hour each (MT, LT).

Students will be expected to write at least two essays per term and may be asked to give seminar papers.

Background reading: T S Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions; I Lakatos 'Falsification and the Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes' in his The Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes, Philosophical Papers 1; G Holton (revised by S Brush): Theories and Concepts in Physical Science; P Duhem The Aim and Structure of Physical Theory; P Kitcher Abusing Science: The Case against Creationism, K R Popper, Conjectures and Refutations; P Feyerabend Against Method.

Recommended reading: The central text for the first part of the course is T S Kuhn, The Copernican Revolution, Harvard University Press. The central text on the Darwinian revolution will be P Kitcher, Abusing Science, the Case Against Creationism. MIT Press.

There will be lecture slides on each topic including (i) a list of essential reading and suggestions for further reading and (ii) 'study questions' to guide your thought. Aside from the above reading for the section of the course on the Copernican revolution and the Darwinian revolution, reading for particular topics will be in the form of articles and selections from books. These will be made available electronically.

 A two-hour written examination in summer term (67%) and a 2,000 word essay to be handed in at the beginning of Summer Term (33%).