Dr Tim Hochstrasser, E407

Primarily for 2nd and 3rd year BA History, BSc International Relations and History, and BSc Government and History students. May also be taken as an outside option and by General Course students where regulations, timetabling constraints and teaching capacity permit.

The European Enlightenment of the eighteenth century is conventionally taken to be the period in which the disciplines of philosophy, history, economics and anthropology, and other social sciences began to emerge as discrete disciplines independent of state and church control. This course therefore sets out to explore the new ideas generated in these areas as a result of a fresh understanding of man's place in the physical world. But while the course aims to look at ideas and concepts in themselves it is also concerned with the way that they were applied in political practice and adapted to provide new understanding of social structures, or as contemporaries put it, a 'Science of Man'. The chronological context of the Enlightenment is taken to be Europe between the reign of Louis XIV and the end of the Directory in France in 1799.

Within this broad framework the following large themes provide the subject matter of both lectures and classes in the Michaelmas Term: the impact of the Scientific Revolution upon institutionalised religion; the emergence of a 'Republic of Letters'; English and French critiques of absolutist monarchy; the creation of scientific approaches to the study of ethics and politics; the political theory of enlightened despotism; the intellectual origins of the French Revolution; intellectual encounters with the New World; the concept of a Counter-Enlightenment; and the move from a private to a public sphere of cultural inquiry. The contributions of Newton, Locke, Voltaire, Montesquieu, and Rousseau - among others - will be highlighted. In the Lent Term the focus will be more narrowly directed to the study of individual key authors and texts and on the impact of enlightened ideas in particular countries, notably England, France, Prussia, Russia and the Habsburg Monarchy. Space will also be found for an examination of the contribution of enlightened thought to the visual arts and music in the 18th century.

The course gives students the chance to consider whether or not the Enlightenment was an era of European history that fostered the application of reason to political and social reform, an end to censorship, torture, and hierarchical social models, and a beginning to religious toleration and recognizably modern concepts of human rights, international law and social equality. The focus throughout will be on the writings of the philosophes themselves and their attempts to convert theoretical innovation into practical reform through the agency of bureaucracy and rulers.

Lectures (20) and classes (22) will take place in the Michaelmas, Lent and Summer Terms.

Two conventional essays, one analytical study of documents, and one timed essay.

A full reading list will be provided at the start of the course. The following represent basic introductory reading only, and an indication of some primary sources: T C W Blanning, The culture of power and the power of culture (2002); D Outram, The Enlightenment (1995); T Munck, The Enlightenment (2000); R Porter, The Enlightenment (2001). Anthologies: I Kramnik (Ed), The Portable Enlightenment Reader (1995); S Eliot & B Stern (Eds), The Age of Enlightenment (2 vols, 1979).

Three-hour written examination in the ST.