/* *** This do file creates the replication results for Foreign Terror on Americans (with Thomas Plümper), Journal of Peace Research, 48 (1), 2011, pp. 1-12 Eric Neumayer (LSE) Please report any errors to e.neumayer@lse.ac.uk */ use "Article for JPR (terrorism).dta", replace *** NOTE: To report substantive results, you need to have listcoef command installed. If not, type "net search listcoef" and install. * Table 1 corr usmilaid_milexpcomb usarmsexports_milexpcomb usmilpers_milperscomb if countrytarget=="United States" & year>=1978 & year<=2005 * Table 2: The measure of US people killed * US military aid to domestic military expenditures xi: nbreg sumuskilled lnpopterr lndistance lngdppcconstterrorists polity2terrorists usmilaid_milexpcomb if countrytarget=="United States" & countryallterrorists!="United States", nolrtest level(90) cluster( countryallterrorists) listcoef, percent help * US arms exports to domestic military expenditures xi: nbreg sumuskilled lnpopterr lndistance lngdppcconstterrorists polity2terrorists usarmsexports_milexpcomb if countrytarget=="United States" & countryallterrorists!="United States", nolrtest level(90) cluster( countryallterrorists) listcoef, percent help * US military personnel to domestic military personnel xi: nbreg sumuskilled lnpopterr lndistance lngdppcconstterrorists polity2terrorists usmilpers_milperscomb if countrytarget=="United States" & countryallterrorists!="United States", nolrtest level(90) cluster( countryallterrorists) listcoef, percent help * US military support measures combined xi: nbreg sumuskilled lnpopterr lndistance lngdppcconstterrorists polity2terrorists usmilaid_milexpcomb usarmsexports_milexpcomb usmilpers_milperscomb if countrytarget=="United States" & countryallterrorists!="United States", nolrtest level(90) cluster( countryallterrorists) listcoef, percent help * Table 3: The measure of incidents involving US victims * US military aid to domestic military expenditures xi: nbreg incidentsusvictims lnpopterr lndistance lngdppcconstterrorists polity2terrorists usmilaid_milexpcomb if countrytarget=="United States" & countryallterrorists!="United States", nolrtest level(90) cluster( countryallterrorists) listcoef, percent help * US arms exports to domestic military expenditures xi: nbreg incidentsusvictims lnpopterr lndistance lngdppcconstterrorists polity2terrorists usarmsexports_milexpcomb if countrytarget=="United States" & countryallterrorists!="United States", nolrtest level(90) cluster( countryallterrorists) listcoef, percent help * US military personnel to domestic military personnel xi: nbreg incidentsusvictims lnpopterr lndistance lngdppcconstterrorists polity2terrorists usmilpers_milperscomb if countrytarget=="United States" & countryallterrorists!="United States", nolrtest level(90) cluster( countryallterrorists) listcoef, percent help * US military support measures combined xi: nbreg incidentsusvictims lnpopterr lndistance lngdppcconstterrorists polity2terrorists usmilaid_milexpcomb usarmsexports_milexpcomb usmilpers_milperscomb if countrytarget=="United States" & countryallterrorists!="United States", nolrtest level(90) cluster( countryallterrorists) listcoef, percent help ** Robustness tests * Controlling for international and civil wars * US military aid to domestic military expenditures xi: nbreg sumuskilled lnpopterr lndistance lngdppcconstterrorists polity2terrorists type1and2terrorists type3and4terrorists usmilaid_milexpcomb if countrytarget=="United States" & countryallterrorists!="United States", nolrtest level(90) cluster( countryallterrorists) * US arms exports to domestic military expenditures xi: nbreg sumuskilled lnpopterr lndistance lngdppcconstterrorists polity2terrorists type1and2terrorists type3and4terrorists usarmsexports_milexpcomb if countrytarget=="United States" & countryallterrorists!="United States", nolrtest level(90) cluster( countryallterrorists) * US military personnel to domestic military personnel xi: nbreg sumuskilled lnpopterr lndistance lngdppcconstterrorists polity2terrorists type1and2terrorists type3and4terrorists usmilpers_milperscomb if countrytarget=="United States" & countryallterrorists!="United States", nolrtest level(90) cluster( countryallterrorists) * All of the above together xi: nbreg sumuskilled lnpopterr lndistance lngdppcconstterrorists polity2terrorists type1and2terrorists type3and4terrorists usmilaid_milexpcomb usarmsexports_milexpcomb usmilpers_milperscomb if countrytarget=="United States" & countryallterrorists!="United States", nolrtest level(90) cluster( countryallterrorists) * Controlling for state sponsorship of terrorism preserve capture drop usstatesponsors ge usstatesponsors=0 replace usstatesponsors=. if year<1978 replace usstatesponsors=1 if countryallterrorists=="Syrian Arab Republic" & year>=1978 replace usstatesponsors=1 if countryallterrorists=="Iran, Islamic Rep." & year>=1984 replace usstatesponsors=1 if countryallterrorists=="Korea, Dem. Rep." & year>=1988 replace usstatesponsors=1 if countryallterrorists=="Cuba" & year>=1982 replace usstatesponsors=1 if countryallterrorists=="Sudan" & year>=1993 replace usstatesponsors=1 if countryallterrorists=="Libya" & year>=1978 & year<2006 replace usstatesponsors=1 if countryallterrorists=="Iraq" & year>=1978 & year<1982 replace usstatesponsors=1 if countryallterrorists=="Iraq" & year>=1990 & year<2003 replace usstatesponsors=1 if countryallterrorists=="Yemen, Rep." & year>=1978 & year<1990 * Afghanistan not on the official list, but apparently only because US did not recognise Taliban as legitimate government of Afghanistan replace usstatesponsors=1 if countryallterrorists=="Afghanistan" & year>=1996 & year<2002 * US military aid to domestic military expenditures xi: nbreg sumuskilled lnpopterr lndistance lngdppcconstterrorists polity2terrorists usstatesponsors usmilaid_milexpcomb if countrytarget=="United States" & countryallterrorists!="United States", nolrtest level(90) cluster( countryallterrorists) * US arms exports to domestic military expenditures xi: nbreg sumuskilled lnpopterr lndistance lngdppcconstterrorists polity2terrorists usstatesponsors usarmsexports_milexpcomb if countrytarget=="United States" & countryallterrorists!="United States", nolrtest level(90) cluster( countryallterrorists) * US military personnel to domestic military personnel xi: nbreg sumuskilled lnpopterr lndistance lngdppcconstterrorists polity2terrorists usstatesponsors usmilpers_milperscomb if countrytarget=="United States" & countryallterrorists!="United States", nolrtest level(90) cluster( countryallterrorists) * All of the above together xi: nbreg sumuskilled lnpopterr lndistance lngdppcconstterrorists polity2terrorists usstatesponsors usmilaid_milexpcomb usarmsexports_milexpcomb usmilpers_milperscomb if countrytarget=="United States" & countryallterrorists!="United States", nolrtest level(90) cluster( countryallterrorists) restore * Terror attacks of "Indeterminate Arabs, Palestine" allocated randomly to 10 big Arab countries with few misssings (Algeria, Egypt, Jordan, Mali, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, Yemen) preserve drop if year==1968 capture drop random generate random=uniform() replace countryallterrorists="Algeria" if countryallterrorists=="Indeterminate Arabs, Palestine" & random<.1 replace countryallterrorists="Egypt, Arab Rep." if countryallterrorists=="Indeterminate Arabs, Palestine" & random>=.1 & random<.2 replace countryallterrorists="Jordan" if countryallterrorists=="Indeterminate Arabs, Palestine" & random>=.2 & random<.3 replace countryallterrorists="Mali" if countryallterrorists=="Indeterminate Arabs, Palestine" & random>=.3 & random<.4 replace countryallterrorists="Morocco" if countryallterrorists=="Indeterminate Arabs, Palestine" & random>=.4 & random<.5 replace countryallterrorists="Saudi Arabia" if countryallterrorists=="Indeterminate Arabs, Palestine" & random>=.5 & random<.6 replace countryallterrorists="Sudan" if countryallterrorists=="Indeterminate Arabs, Palestine" & random>=.6 & random<.7 replace countryallterrorists="Syrian Arab Republic" if countryallterrorists=="Indeterminate Arabs, Palestine" & random>=.7 & random<.8 replace countryallterrorists="Tunisia" if countryallterrorists=="Indeterminate Arabs, Palestine" & random>=.8 & random<.9 replace countryallterrorists="Yemen, Rep." if countryallterrorists=="Indeterminate Arabs, Palestine" & random>=.9 & random<1 keep country* year sumuskilled lnpopterr lndistance lngdppcconstterrorists polity2terroristsnew usmilaid_milexpcomb usarmsexports_milexpcomb usmilpers_milperscomb collapse (sum) sumuskilled (mean) lnpopterr lndistance lngdppcconstterrorists polity2terroristsnew usmilaid_milexpcomb usarmsexports_milexpcomb usmilpers_milperscomb, by( countryallterrorists countrytarget year) * US military aid to domestic military expenditures xi: nbreg sumuskilled lnpopterr lndistance lngdppcconstterrorists polity2terrorists usmilaid_milexpcomb if countrytarget=="United States" & countryallterrorists!="United States", nolrtest level(90) cluster( countryallterrorists) * US arms exports to domestic military expenditures xi: nbreg sumuskilled lnpopterr lndistance lngdppcconstterrorists polity2terrorists usarmsexports_milexpcomb if countrytarget=="United States" & countryallterrorists!="United States", nolrtest level(90) cluster( countryallterrorists) * US military personnel to domestic military personnel xi: nbreg sumuskilled lnpopterr lndistance lngdppcconstterrorists polity2terrorists usmilpers_milperscomb if countrytarget=="United States" & countryallterrorists!="United States", nolrtest level(90) cluster( countryallterrorists) * All of the above together xi: nbreg sumuskilled lnpopterr lndistance lngdppcconstterrorists polity2terrorists usmilaid_milexpcomb usarmsexports_milexpcomb usmilpers_milperscomb if countrytarget=="United States" & countryallterrorists!="United States", nolrtest level(90) cluster( countryallterrorists) restore * Two thirds of 9/11 non-terrorist victims allocated to Saudi-Arabia preserve replace sumuskilled=2000 if countryallterrorists=="Saudi Arabia" & year==2001 * US military aid to domestic military expenditures xi: nbreg sumuskilled lnpopterr lndistance lngdppcconstterrorists polity2terrorists usmilaid_milexpcomb if countrytarget=="United States" & countryallterrorists!="United States", nolrtest level(90) cluster( countryallterrorists) * US arms exports to domestic military expenditures xi: nbreg sumuskilled lnpopterr lndistance lngdppcconstterrorists polity2terrorists usarmsexports_milexpcomb if countrytarget=="United States" & countryallterrorists!="United States", nolrtest level(90) cluster( countryallterrorists) * US military personnel to domestic military personnel xi: nbreg sumuskilled lnpopterr lndistance lngdppcconstterrorists polity2terrorists usmilpers_milperscomb if countrytarget=="United States" & countryallterrorists!="United States", nolrtest level(90) cluster( countryallterrorists) * All of the above together xi: nbreg sumuskilled lnpopterr lndistance lngdppcconstterrorists polity2terrorists usmilaid_milexpcomb usarmsexports_milexpcomb usmilpers_milperscomb if countrytarget=="United States" & countryallterrorists!="United States", nolrtest level(90) cluster( countryallterrorists) restore * Pre 9/11 events only preserve drop if year>2001 * US military aid to domestic military expenditures xi: nbreg sumuskilled lnpopterr lndistance lngdppcconstterrorists polity2terrorists usmilaid_milexpcomb if countrytarget=="United States" & countryallterrorists!="United States", nolrtest level(90) cluster( countryallterrorists) * US arms exports to domestic military expenditures xi: nbreg sumuskilled lnpopterr lndistance lngdppcconstterrorists polity2terrorists usarmsexports_milexpcomb if countrytarget=="United States" & countryallterrorists!="United States", nolrtest level(90) cluster( countryallterrorists) * US military personnel to domestic military personnel xi: nbreg sumuskilled lnpopterr lndistance lngdppcconstterrorists polity2terrorists usmilpers_milperscomb if countrytarget=="United States" & countryallterrorists!="United States", nolrtest level(90) cluster( countryallterrorists) * All of the above together xi: nbreg sumuskilled lnpopterr lndistance lngdppcconstterrorists polity2terrorists usmilaid_milexpcomb usarmsexports_milexpcomb usmilpers_milperscomb if countrytarget=="United States" & countryallterrorists!="United States", nolrtest level(90) cluster( countryallterrorists) restore * Terror on other arms exporters of top 10 arms exporters xi: nbreg allincidentsfirstvictfirstterr lnpopterr lndistance lngdppcconstterrorists polity2terrorists armsexports_milexpcomb if countrytarget!="United States" & countryallterrorists!="United States" & countrytarget!=countryallterrorists, nolrtest level(90) cluster( countryallterrorists) xi: nbreg killingsfirstvictfirstterr lnpopterr lndistance lngdppcconstterrorists polity2terrorists armsexports_milexpcomb if countrytarget!="United States" & countryallterrorists!="United States" & countrytarget!=countryallterrorists, nolrtest level(90) cluster( countryallterrorists) * IV approach, using 10-year lag as instrument reg usmilaid_milexpcomb l10.usmilaid_milexpcomb lnpopterr lndistance lngdppcconstterrorists polity2terrorists predict usmilaidpredl10 reg usarmsexports_milexpcomb l10.usarmsexports_milexpcomb lnpopterr lndistance lngdppcconstterrorists polity2terrorists predict usarmsexportspredl10 reg usmilpers_milperscomb l10.usmilpers_milperscomb lnpopterr lndistance lngdppcconstterrorists polity2terrorists predict usmilperspredl10 xi: nbreg incidentsusvictims lnpopterr lndistance lngdppcconstterrorists polity2terrorists usmilaidpredl10 , nolrtest level(90) cluster( countryallterrorists) xi: nbreg incidentsusvictims lnpopterr lndistance lngdppcconstterrorists polity2terrorists usarmsexportspredl10, nolrtest level(90) cluster( countryallterrorists) xi: nbreg incidentsusvictims lnpopterr lndistance lngdppcconstterrorists polity2terrorists usmilperspredl10, nolrtest level(90) cluster( countryallterrorists)